1. Functions of urban centres

2. Central place function  market town
Every town / city acts as a focus for its surrounding area by providing services and goods to them
Services: retailing, legal, medical, education, banking, recreational…etc
Goods: industrial products, newspaper, books…etc

3. Transport function  route focus
Lyons, France
Shanghai, China
Osaka, Japan

4. Transport function  ports
Fishing ports: Grimsby, Sicily, Italy
Commercial ports: Liverpool, Rotterdam
Ferry ports: Dover, UK
Naval ports: Portsmouth, UK

5. Industrial function  industrial centre
Major centres of population due to industrialization
Manchester, UK
Essen, Germany

6. Industrial function  mining town
Rhondda, South Wales

7. Cultural function  centres of learning
Oxford, UK
Cambridge, UK
Leuven, Belgium

8. Cultural function  religious sites
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Mecca,

9. Tourist function  resort
Seaside resort: Pataya, Thailand
Spa town: Hakodate (函館), Japan
Winter sports resorts, Zermatt, Switzerland

10. Military function  defensive sites
Aigues Mortes, France
Valdivostok, Russia

11. Commercial function  commercial / financial centre
Hong Kong
Singapore
Tokyo

12. Administrative function  administrative centre / capital city
Canberra, Australia
London, UK