1. Plants (Flowers, Fruits and Seeds)
Unit 3
Plants (Flowers, Fruits and Seeds)

2. Flowers

3. Question?
How are flowers like Humans?

4. Function of Flowers Reproduction Attraction
Attract Insects for pollination
Attract animals for seed dispersal

5. Structure Stalk – holds up the flower
Receptacle – swollen tip of a branch
Sepals – surround and protect the developing flower
a. Outer most Whorl (circle)
Petals – brightly colored for show
Next whorl

6. Stamens – male reproductive structures
2 parts
Anther – swollen tip that contains microsporangia (pollen)
Filament – supports the anther
Carpels – female reproductive structures
Can be one or more fused together

7. Pistil – the carpel(s) of the flower
Made up of
Ovary – enlarged base of pistil
Style – stalk like raise from ovary
Stigma – upper tip of pistil that is sticky or has hairs to trap pollen
8. Some flowers have both Stamen and Carpels, some only have one or the other

8. Perfect Flowers – have both stamen and carple
Imperfect Flowers – only stamens or pistils not both
Ex: Pine trees
Pistillate cones - on top of tree (Female)
Staminate cones – on bottom or tree (male)
Perfect flowers: dandelions, roses, daisies, cherry blossoms
Imperfect flowers: squash, cucumbers, pumpkins, grass Willow, Oak and corn

9. Fertilization (pollination)
The Pollen (sperm) must get to the egg in the ovary of the pistol
How?
Pollen is a 2 nucleated cell
Generative nuclei – fertilizes the egg
Tube nuclei – creates a tube to the egg
How it happens:

10. Types of Fertilization
Insect Pollination – ex: bees
Colored parts, Fragrance, Nectar attract insects
insect then carry pollen to other flowers and pollen rubs on the stigma
Water Pollination
Water carries pollen to other flower

11. Ways to prevent self pollination
Wind Pollination
Plants with many pollen grains for greater chance
Wind carries pollen to other plants
Ways to prevent self pollination
Imperfect flowers
Short stamens
Stamens hang below
Different ripening periods for male and female parts

12. Fruits

13. Fruit – a matured ovary of a flower
Function:
Protects seeds
Seed dispersal
Taste good so animals eat them
Carry seeds away from plant
Release them

14. Types of Fruit Simple fruits: Complex (compound) fruits Dry or fleshy
Result from one pistil of a single flower
Ex: Peas, grains
Complex (compound) fruits
More complex fruit body
More than one pistil of a flower fertilized
Ex: Pineapple

15. Legume – fruit that splits along 2 sides
ex: Peanut, beans, peas

16. Follicle – Splits along only one side
ex: Milkweed

17. Nut – thick woody ovary wall
ex: Oak or Chestnut

18. Achene – thin ovary wall - most common
Ex: Sunflower
Buckwheat

19. Samara – seeds much like achene’s with a thin flat wing attached
Ex: Box elder seeds, or elm seeds

20. Drupe – seed with a stony inner layer around the seed
Ex: Peach, Plum, chokecherry

21. Pome – core with seeds surrounded by a papery ovary wall
Ex: Apple

22. Berry – thin skin with many seeds
Ex: Tomato

23. Pepo – berry with a thick, hard rind
Ex: cucumber, pumpkin, melons

24. Hesperidium – berry with leathery skin
Septate – divided into parts
Ex: Oranges, grapefruits

25. Aggregate Fruits – several pistils of one flower with clusters of small fruits
Ex: Raspberry

26. Multiple Fruit – several flowers growing together to make a fruit
Ex: Pineapple

27. Seeds

28. A. Parts of a Seed 2 layers Seed coat
Endosperm – stored food like a yoke of an egg

30. B. Embryo anatomy 1. Monocot Dicot
Plumule – first single leaf of a seed
Endosperm – stored food
Radicle – first root
Dicot
Cotyledons – First two leaves of a seed

32. Germination Hypogean – seed stays below ground
a. Monocot Plants
Epigean – seed is pulled above ground
Seed splits and cotyledons are first leaves
Dicot plants

33. Methods of seed dispersal
Mechanical – exploding pods
Wind
Samara – dandelion
Tumbleweeds
Animals
Burrs
Feces
Water

34. End of Chapter Notes