1. 1
New World Encounters

2. Native American Histories Before Conquest
04/06/98
20,000 years ago—Siberian hunters became first American inhabitants by crossing Beringia
12,000 years ago—global warming reduced glaciers allowing humans to reach tip of South America
These Paleo-Indians lost immunities to many communicative diseases 2 2 2 2

3. Routes of the First Americans
04/06/98 2 2 2 2

4. The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture
04/06/98
Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat
Some suggest that overhunting caused the extinction of several large species
Global warming may have also put large animals under stress
A reduced food supply caused Indians to develop new food sources 2 2 2 2

5. The AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
04/06/98
5000 years ago – agricultural revolution (development of agriculture) revolutionalized Native American cultures
Crops included maize, squash, and beans
Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities
Explains difference in Indian cultures in New World 2 2 2 2

6. Mysterious Disappearances
04/06/98
Anasazi culture—Chaco Canyon
Sophisticated irrigation
Well-built roads for transportation
Adena and Hopewell peoples—Ohio Valley
Large ceremonial mounds
Extensive trade network 2 2 2 2

7. Mysterious Disappearances
04/06/98
Cahokia—Mississippi Valley
Large ceremonial mounds
Far-flung trade network 2 2 2 2

8. Aztec Dominance Aztecs settled valley of Mexico
04/06/98
Aztecs settled valley of Mexico
Center of large, powerful empire
Highly-organized social and political structure
Ruled through fear and force 3 3 3 3

9. Eastern Woodland Cultures
04/06/98
Atlantic coast of North America
Native Americans lived in smaller bands
Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering
First and most often natives encountered by English settlers were Algonquian speaking 4 4 4 4

10. Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s
04/06/98 4 4 4 4

11. LONGHOUSE
Woodland Indian longhouse

12. Woodland Village
Houses and crops

13. Cultural Negotiations
04/06/98
Diversity of language groups
Place in society defined through kinship
Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation
Diplomacy, trade, war organized around feuds and historic enemies 5 5 5 5

14. Confederacies of Eastern North America
04/06/98
Huron—southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie
Iroquois—central New York
Powhattan—Chesapeake
Algonquian – English encounter along Atlantic Coast 6 6 6 6

15. Threats to Survival: Trade
04/06/98
Native Americans were eager for European trade – determined their relationship with Europeans
They became dependent on, and indebted to, Europeans
Commerce also influenced warfare patterns 7 7 7 7

16. Threats to Survival: Disease
04/06/98
Contact brought population decline among American Indians and disrupted cultures
Disease – greatest factor in destruction of Native Americans: lack of resistance to epidemic disease
Smallpox
Measles
Influenza
Rate as high as 95% 8 8 8 8

17. West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies
04/06/98
Slavery ancient custom
800/900 AD Muslim trades brought Islam to Africa – camel caravans crossed the Sahara
They also came for gold and slaves and took them to Middle East – Saudi Arabia, Iran (Persia) and Iraq
Africa – a history of empires – not a united society 10 10 10 10

18. Trade Routes in Africa
04/06/98 10 10 10 10

19. Slave Castle in Africa

20. Beginnings of the Slave Trade
04/06/98
Fifteenth-century Portuguese charted sea lanes from Europe to Saharan Africa
Native rulers sold prisoners of war and others to Portuguese as slaves from slave castles and factories
Portuguese came for slaves and gold 11 11 11 11

21. How Many Slaves? Seventeenth century—ca. 1000 Africans per year
04/06/98
Seventeenth century—ca Africans per year
Eighteenth century—5.5 million transported to the Americas
By 1860—ca. 11 million
Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas 1 12 12 12

22. Europe on the Eve of Conquest
04/06/98
Tenth century— Vikings - Scandinavian (Norway, Sweden) Leif Ericson -settled “Vinland”
Late fifteenth century—preconditions for overseas settlement finally attained
Rise of nation-states
Spread of new technologies/Renaissance
General Prosperity
Rise of population 12 13 13 13

23. Conditions for Settlement in New World
04/06/98
Rise of nation states - new monarchs forge nations from scattered provinces – gain power and money
Renaissance – new technologies for sailing (lateen sail, compass, maps)
General prosperity – new middle class – new source of revenue/taxes
Population growth after 1450 13 14 14 14

24. Imagining a New World
04/06/98
Spain becomes the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization
Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella
Conquest of Canary Islands provided rehearsal for colonization 14 15 15 15

25. Myths and Reality
04/06/98
Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella to finance westward water expedition to “Cathay” (China)
1492—initial voyage
Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China
People knew world was round 15 16 16 16

26. Myths and Reality
04/06/98
1506—died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient
Made possible Spanish dominion in America
Spain’s main interest – previous metals (gold and silver)
Treaty of Tordesillas divided world between Spain and Portugal (Portugal got Brazil) 15 16 16 16

27. The Conquistadores
04/06/98
Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands
By 1512—major Caribbean islands decimated
By 1521—Cortés destroyed Aztec empire 16 17 17 17

28. Voyages of European Exploration
04/06/98 16 17 17 17

29. From Plunder to Settlement
04/06/98
Encomienda System rewarded and controlled Conquistadors
Large land grants
Indian inhabitants provided labor or tribute
Appointed officials answered only to crown
Catholic Church
Protected Indian rights
Performed mass conversions 17 18 18 18

30. From Plunder to Settlement
04/06/98
By 1650, half million Spaniards in New World
Unmarried males intermarried – more racially tolerant than English
Mixed-blood population emerged
More tolerant of Indians than English 17 18 18 18

31. The French Claim Canada
04/06/98
1608—Samuel de Champlain founded Québec
French empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi Valley and Canada
French crown makes little effort to foster settlement 18 19 19 19

32. The French Claim Canada
04/06/98
French explorers seeking Northwest passage to China
Fur trade underpinned economy
Indians became valued trading partners in the fur trade business
French fur traders – coureurs de bois
Business adventure – no support from King of France 18 19 19 19

33. The English Enter the Competition
04/06/98
English late in competition for New World because of political and religious turmoil in England
England achieved preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I 19 20 20 20

34. Birth of English Protestantism
04/06/98
Protestant Reformation had a major role in England’s settlement of New World
1517—Martin Luther sparked reform in Germany
1536—John Calvin’s Institutes published in Geneva
Reformation pitted European Protestants against Catholics 21 21 21 21

35. Militant Protestantism
04/06/98
Lutheran Reformation
God speaks through Bible, not through Pope or priests
Justification by faith alone for salvation
Calvinist Reformation
John Calvin stressed God’s omnipotence
Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation 20 22 22 22

36. Militant Protestantism
04/06/98
Calvinist Christianity expanded in northern Europe
France—Huguenots
Scotland—Presbyterians
England—Puritans 20 22 22 22

37. Religion, War, and Nationalism
04/06/98
Spanish hostility made Queen Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood
Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure made them English heroes
Elizabeth’s subjects raided Spain’s American empire
1588—Spanish Armada defeated 22 23 23 23

38. Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement
04/06/98
English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World
The Irish were considered a rehearsal for American settlement
To the English, the Irish were wild and barbaric
They would view Native Americans the same way 23 24 24 24

39. An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke
04/06/98
Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584
He named the region Virginia after the Virgin Queen
The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587
The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery
Failed because of poor planning, England’s war with Spain and hostilities with Native Americans 26 25 25 25

40. Campaign to Sell America
04/06/98
By 1600, no English settlements in New World
Richard Hakluyt advertised benefits of American colonization
Claimed that England needs American colonies
New World was a paradise for the taking 26 25 25 25