1. III.4 THE PHYSICAL SEPARATION OF SUBSTANCES
A. HAND SEPARATION:
a mechanical mixture can be separated by hand or sieve or magnet

2. B. FILTRATION:
separation of solids from liquids (mechanical mixtures & suspensions; NOT solutions )
Filtrate = liquid that passes through
Residue = material remaining on filter paper

3. C. EVAPORATION:
separates the solid from a liquid solution by boiling away the liquid (evaporation) and leaving the solid behind.
D. DISTILLATION:
separates liquids in a liquid-in-liquid solution.
boil away the liquid with the lower boiling point then condense back to collect in a separate container (= distillate)

4. Distillation Apparatus:

5. E. SOLVENT EXTRACTION:
Two ways:
1) extracts a solid from a mechanical mixture of solids
by using a liquid (solvent) that only dissolves one of solids
2) extracts a dissolved liquid (or solid) from a liquid solution by using a separatory funnel
Terms:
Miscible: 2 liquids that are mutually soluble in each other
Immiscible: 2 liquids that are insoluble in each other

6. Solvent (liquid )Extraction:

7. F. RECRYSTALLIZATION:
when the solid in a solid-in-liquid solution is separated in a pure and crystalline state (impurities are removed)
a saturated solution of a solid is allowed to slowly evaporate (saturated –dissolved as much solid as it can) 
G. GRAVITY SEPARATION:
separate desired solids from a mechanical mixture based on their densities
Sometimes uses mechanical shakers or centrifuges

8. H. PAPER, COLUMN and THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY:
When a solid-in-liquid solution is separated based on solubility
contains 2 or more dissolved solids which are coloured or can be reacted to form colour

9. Paper chromatography

10. Column chromatography
QUESTIONS: p. 58 #