1. Westward Expansion Review

2. I. Reasons for Westward Expansion
1. Manifest Destiny- Americans had the God given right to spread themselves across the continent, “from sea to shining sea”

3. 2. Gold and Silver discovered- the thought of getting rich quick led many people to head west in search of valuable minerals

4. 3. Homestead act (1862)- a law that provided 160 acres of free land in the west to anyone who would live on and cultivate the land for 5 years.

5. 4. Transcontinental Railroad- completed in 1869, this railroad line connected the East Coast and the West Coast of the United States

7. What impact will the growth of railroads have on industrialization and urbanization?

8. II. Native American conflict
1. As American citizens began settling the Plains, they came into conflict with the Plain Indians
the buffalo were killed by settlers, hunters and railroad workers
Settlers moved on to land promised to Plains Indian tribes
Conflict led to Indian Wars (a series of battles and conflicts between settlers, U.S. government vs. Plains Indians)
Little Big Horn
Wounded Knee Massacre

11. Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce
“I am tired of fighting. Hear me, my chiefs! I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever."

13. 2. By 1890, most resistance from Plains Indians was over and most tribes agreed to live on Reservations
3. Government tried to assimilate Native Americans
Dawes Act
Carlisle School

14. III. “End” of Western Expansion
By 1890, most of the open range in the U.S. was populated by U.S. citizens and Native Americans had abandoned resistance
States and Territories- 1860

15. V. “End” of Western Expansion
By 1890, most of the open range in the U.S. was populated by U.S. citizens and Native Americans had abandoned resistance
States and Territories- 1890

16. Industrialization
And
Urbanization

17. Industrialization: growth of the United States
as an industrial power; the U.S. changes from a
farming society to an industrial society and
becomes an economic power
Urbanization: the growth of cities; in the
late 1800s, the U.S. urbanized because of
the technological and industrial boom,
which attracted unemployed American
farmers and immigrants to cities for
factory jobs

18. I. Economic Review
Capitalism- is an economic system in which the means of production are all or mostly privately owned and operated for profit.
Means of production- the resources and machines with which goods and services are created
Laissez-Faire- meant government would keep its “hands off” of the economy and not regulate business
The economy should regulate itself
Social Darwinism- “Survival of fittest”-government should not regulate b/c it would stop natural progress

19. “RADICAL” Alternatives
Socialism- political and economic system in which:
Most of the means of production are publicly owned
Profit is shared among workers and owners

20. II. Big Business Emerges
Corporations (businesses owned by stockholders)
Monopolies/Trusts- when a business has most or all the business in an industry
Many people feared monopolies were too powerful
Limited competition, control consumer prices
Too much influence on government (bribes; graft)

21. Lady Liberty (freedom)
Capital
The snake is labeled a monopoly. Snakes are deadly and can coil (wrap) itself around something until its in their grip of control.
Big business leaders knew their tactics were ruthless. Therefore, they persuaded Congress to protect their business interests (i.e., low tariffs) with bribes and large campaign contributions.

23. III. Robber Barons- negative view of big businessmen as greedy and ruthless
Captains of Industry- positive view of big businessmen as smart entrepreneurs
Examples:
Rockefeller
Standard Oil Monopoly
Used vertical and horizontal integration
Standard Oil is broken up by the government
Carnegie
Rags to riches
U.S. Steel corporation
Philanthropy

24. IV. New business tactics- Vertical integration, horizontal integration, pools, rebates

25. V. New Production Techniques- Mass production, assembly line

26. VI. Impact of Industrialization
Poor working Conditions- Long hours, low pay, dangerous conditions!
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
2. Increased immigration and urbanization
3. Child labor
4. Big business influences government
VII. Labor Unions Form
Form to get shorter hours, safer conditions, better pay
Boycott, strike
2. Unions are unsuccessful during this time

27. VIII. Urbanization- Growth of cities; industry and immigration lead to the growth of cities
The poor lived in tenements
Overcrowding led to sanitation problems and crime
Technology and culture in cities
Architects use steel to build skyscrapers
Streetcars, trolleys, subways and bridges all improve transportation
Rise of Political Machines
Political Machine- an organization of people that influence enough votes to control a local government
Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall
Corrupt

28. Immigration
New Immigration ( )- time period in U.S. history when massive amounts of immigrants arrived, many from countries and cultures not yet represented in the U.S.

29. Why Immigrants came
Push Factors- famine (Ireland), religious persecution (pogroms), poverty
Pull Factors JOBS! ,Religious freedom, education, relatives already in U.S., American Dream, social mobility
Today- ________________________________________
Journey Over
Many immigrants traveled in steerage (cheaper, but disease could spread)
European immigrants  Ellis Island, NY
Asian Immigrants  Angel Island, San Francisco
Many came over as broken families

30. Salad Bowl vs. Melting Pot
US culture is made up of distinct immigrant cultures mixed together
US culture is made up of immigrant cultures which melt together to form a new US culture

31. Nativism- discrimination against new immigrants; belief that the U. S
Nativism- discrimination against new immigrants; belief that the U.S. should have a restrictive immigration policy
Especially b/c of JOB COMPETION!
4. Assimilation- drop your own culture and conform to the culture of another group; did not happen quickly
Ethnic communities
Culture shock

32. At home and at work
Tenement neighborhoods
Long hours, low pay, dangerous conditions- often all members of the family had to work
Given jobs and favors by POLITCAL MACHINES in exchange for votes
IV. End of the New “WAVE” of Immigration
Immigration Laws
Chinese Exclusion Act, Immigration Quota Acts of
Passed b/c of Nativism, discrimination and fear