1. Parenthetical Citations
Giving credit where credit is due…

2. Definition…
Parenthetical citations are pieces of documentation used to reference sources within the text of your research paper
Most citations require the author’s last name and page number in parentheses

3. Purpose of Citations…
You are only “borrowing” the information you are putting in your paper
Any material you “borrow” must be cited in parentheses with the source information at the end of the sentence or paragraph

4. Why bother??
By giving each individual piece of information a reference to its author, you are giving credit where credit is due, and thus, YOU ARE NOT PLAGIARIZING!!!
And Ms. Peck says you have to! :D

5. WHAT YOU CITE… 1. DIRECT QUOTES: sentences or phrases
2. PARAPHRASES: reworded material
3. AUTHOR’S SPECIFIC WORDS
4. USE OF AUTHOR’S ARGUMENT
5. HISTORICAL, STATISTICAL, or SCIENTIFIC FACTS

6. WHAT YOU DON’T CITE… Clichés or popular sayings Well-known quotations
Common knowledge

7. Parenthetical Citation Components…
Works with an AUTHOR
Author’s last name
page number (if available)
Example: (Smith 56).
No comma between name and number
Period goes outside!

8. Example…work with an author
On September 23rd in 1949, Adele and Douglass Springsteen gave birth to a son, Bruce, not knowing he would become one of rock and roll’s greatest musicians (Halbersberg 11). He would buy his first guitar at age 14 and never look back (12).

9. Parenthetical Citation Components…
Works without an author (websites)
Title or First entry from source card
Example: (“Trains”).
Example: (“Symptoms and Diagnosis”)
For really long titles, just put the first three our four words…

10. Example…work without an author
Two years after getting his first guitar, Springsteen would join his first band called the Castiles (“Life”).

11. Example…combining info
His first “gig” with the Castiles was at a high school, and they played anywhere they could, in parking lots, trailer parks, even a prison and an asylum (Halbersberg 12). Three years later, the band broke up, leaving Springsteen to form his own, the Earth. Music would be his career and pathway from then on as school for “the Boss” was not a pleasant experience (“Life”).

12. Works Cited
Halbersberg, Elianne. Bruce Springsteen: the Boss. Cresskill: Sharon Starbook, 1984.
"Life." Greasy Lake. 30 Mar <

13. Works Cited
Procon.org. "Is Sexual Orientation Determined at Birth?" Procon.org. Procon.org, 1 Jan Web. 15 May <