1. Energy Energy (E)– the ability to perform work
Potential E (EP)- stored energy
Kinetic E (EK)– energy of motion
Heat – kinetic energy of molecules
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2. Endergonic Reactions Endergonic – energy inside
Reactions that take in energy and store it in chemical bonds
Photosynthesis

3. Exergonic Reactions Exergonic – Energy outside
Reactions that release stored chemical energy
Cellular Respiration

6. Energy of Activation
EA – the amount of energy required to start the reaction
Lit fuse on a firecracker
Spark in an engine

8. Enzymes : Protein Catalysts
Enzymes – proteins that speed up chemical reactions, each enzyme promotes a specific reaction
Substrate – the molecule that is targeted by the enzyme

9. Enzyme : Substrate Sucrase : sucrose Lactase : lactose
Helicase : DNA helix

15. Competitive inhibition – the inhibitor blocks the active site, preventing the enzyme from accepting any substrate molecules

16. Noncompetitive inhibition – the inhibitor changes the shape of the active site, preventing the enzyme from accepting any substrate molecules

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Picture of a Phospholipid

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Phospholipids form this structure in a aqueos solution

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Plasma membrane of an animal cell (pp80)
Proteins allow for movement in and out of the cell

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Mosaic function: pp 80-81

21. Diffusion
Diffusion- the natural tendency of molecules to move from areas of high to low concentration

23. Passive transport
Transport that doesn’t use cellular energy

24. Osmosis : The diffusion of Water
Osmosis occurs when the solute is not able to move across the membrane.
In order to reach equilibrium, water moves across the membrane.
Water concentration, not solute concentration determines direction of movement.

25. Hyper-, Hypo-, or Isotonic
The concentration of solutes in a solution are compared with those inside the cell.
Hypertonic – a solution whose concentration of solutes is higher than that in the cell
Hypotonic- a solution whose solute concentration is lower than that in the cell
Isotonic – a solution whose concentration os solutes is equal to that in the cell

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Transport proteins facilitate diffusion across membranes (pp 83)

31. Active Transport
Active transport requires energy to move a substance through a cell membrane.

33. Exocytosis – “Outside the cell” bulk movement of materials out of the cell

35. Endocytosis – “Inside the cell” bulk movement of materials into the cell

36. Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis
#33(phagocytose 1)

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Nrg flow and chemical recycling (pp 86)