1. Calcium and Calmodulin-Mediated Regulation of Gene Expression in Plants 
Kim Min Chul , Chung Woo Sik , Yun Dae-Jin , Cho Moo Je  
Molecular Plant 
Volume 2, Issue 1, Pages (January 2009)
DOI: /mp/ssn091
Copyright © 2009 The Authors. All rights reserved. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Mechanisms of Transcriptional Regulation Mediated by Ca2+ and CaM in Plants.
The Ca2+ and CaM elicited by developmental cues and environmental stresses mediate plant responses by regulating the transcriptional process in various ways.
(A) In the simplest case, Ca2+ directly binds to the transcription factor (TF) and modulates its activity.
(B) The Ca2+-loaded CaM binds to DNA and functions as a TF.
(C) Most commonly, the Ca2+/CaM complex interacts with TFs and modulates their function.
(D) The Ca2+/CaM complex indirectly regulates transcription by participating in the multi-component transcriptional machinery, which is composed of the Ca2+/CaM complex, TFs, and transcription factor-binding protein (TFBP). The latter functions as a bridge between the Ca2+/CaM complex and TFs.
(E) Finally, Ca2+/CaM regulates gene expression via the modulation of the phosphorylation status of TFs, effected by a CaM-binding protein kinase and a CaM-binding protein phosphatase. PM, plasma membrane; NE, nuclear envelop; CaM, calmodulin; TF, transcription factor; TFBP, transcription factor-binding protein; PK, protein kinase; PP, protein phosphatase; P, phosphate.
Molecular Plant 2009 2, 13-21DOI: ( /mp/ssn091)
Copyright © 2009 The Authors. All rights reserved. Terms and Conditions