1. The Unification of Italy and Germany
Garibaldi
Bismarck
Nationalism

2. Key Concepts in this Presentation:
Nationalism
Mazzini
Garibaldi
Cavour
Carbonari
Young Italy
Confederation of the Rhine
Zollverein
Bismarck
Kaiser Wilhelm I
“blood and iron”
Realpolitik
The Danish War (1864)
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
North German Confederation
Franco-Prussian War ( )
Louis Napoleon
universal male suffrage

3. What is Nationalism?
Nationalism is a feeling of belonging and loyalty that causes people to think of themselves as a nation.
During the 19th and 20th centuries, nationalism was a
powerful force that could:
Create one nation from many separate countries (ex. Italy and Germany)
Break one nation up into many countries (ex. Austria-Hungary, and Turkey)

4. Nationalism
Nationalism can be a cause of war (ex. WWI and WWII)
It has encouraged colonies to seek independence from their colonizers. (ex. India, Indonesia, and countries in Africa)
Nationalism can take many different forms but certain factors need to be present for it to grow.

5. The Italian States Unite, 1859-1870

6. Barriers to Italian Nationalism
Italy was divided into several states.
Italy did not threaten the balance of power in Europe.
After the Congress of Vienna, Italy was made up of nine different states:
Piedmont-Sardinia (the largest state)
Venetia and Lombardy belonged to Austria
the Pope ruled the Papal States in central Italy
the other states were ruled by foreign princes under Austrian control

7. Barriers to Italian Nationalism
Geography - mountains split Italy West and East; the Po river, North and South
Illiteracy – difficult to spread nationalist ideas
The Pope - felt a united Italy would lessen his rights in the papal states
Italian states disagreed on a leader and type of government
Lack of European support - European nations felt a strong Italy would interfere with their plans

8. Factors That Led to Italian Unification
Geography
Italy is isolated
The Alps are to the North, surrounded by oceans.
Geographic isolation allows Italy to develop its own ways, customs.
History
Italians are very proud of their heritage, including the Italian Renaissance.
Napoleon’s conquest of Italian states led to a desire not to be conquered again  Italian unity.
Efforts of Three Men: Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cavour

9. Giuseppe Mazzini, “Prophet of Italian Unification”
He was a member of the Carbonari.
The Carbonari were a secret group which used violence to obtain what it wanted.
He formed Young Italy, made up of young people whose job it was to arouse enthusiasm for a united nation.
Tried revolution but it failed.

10. Count Cavour, “Architect of Italian Unification”
Count Camillo di Cavour was the “architect” (planner) of Piedmont-Sardinia’s revolt against Austria.
This revolt encouraged other Italian states to revolt.

11. Giuseppe Garibaldi, “The Sword of Italian Unification”
Garibaldi first invaded Sicily, then urged them to join Piedmont-Sardinia under the leadership of Victor Emmanuel.
Garibaldi handed over all conquered lands to Victor Emmanuel.

12. The Addition of the Papal States:
How Italy was United
The Addition of the Papal States:
Victor Emmanuel conquers the Papal States; stops
Garibaldi’s advance.
Unification nears completion.
1860: elections were held in all of Italy, except
Venetia and Rome.
1861: in the city of Turin, representatives of a united
nation formed a parliament and proclaimed the establishment of Italy under Victor Emmanuel II.

13. Victor Emmanuel II

14. Problems Faced by a United Italy
Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy is a constitutional monarch.
Right to vote is limited to upper and middle class property holders.
Many Catholics refuse to participate in new nation (as did the Pope).
Bribery and corruption were frequent in poor, uneducated lower classes.
Some Italian speaking areas were not united with the central government.
Some felt Italy should become a world power and fight for colonies.
Italy lacked industrial development, agriculture, and natural resources.
Prices were high, people could not afford manufactured goods.

15. A German Nation is Forged

16. Background to German Unification
Prior to the French Revolution, there were more than 300 German states.
Prussia and Austria were the largest.
The Congress of Vienna reduced the number of German states to 39.
The smaller number of German states encouraged feelings of nationalism and patriotism among these German states.

17. Barriers to German Unification
France preferred 39 weak states to one nation.
Austria knew Prussia was most powerful state.
Rulers of smaller states feared loss of power in a united Germany.
Protestant/Catholic hostility (from Thirty Years’ War).
Economic differences between western industrial states and agricultural eastern states.

18. Factors Encouraging German Unification
Napoleon encouraged German unification with the Confederation of the Rhine under the Napoleonic Code.
Intellectuals supported a German Nation:
Heinrich von Treitschke envisioned a German Fatherland
Goethe and Schiller saw a common nationality for all Germans
Congress of Vienna created a German Confederation which was made up of 39 states.
Zollverein created to increase trade, reduce problems of many state governments; taxes, coinage and postal system.
Confederation – loose union of states
Zollverein- a tariff union created to increase trade and reduce problems of individual state government, taxes, coinage and postal system

19. How Bismarck United Germany
Otto von Bismarck

20. How Bismarck United Germany
Prussia led German unification.
Otto von Bismarck led Prussia.
Bismarck did not trust people or democracy
Bismarck stood for absolutism, Divine Right Monarchy and the Protestant Lutheran church
William I, King of Prussia appointed Bismarck chief minister in the Prussian Parliament ,1848
Bismarck’s policy of “blood and iron”.

21. Bismarck’s Policy of “Blood and Iron”
“Not by speeches and resolutions of majorities are the great questions of the time decided upon – but by blood and iron”.

22. How Bismarck United Germany
Bismarck showed Prussia was strong
The Danish War (1864)
- Prussia and Austria defeat Denmark
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
War over division of wealth from the Danish War
Prussia prepared, Austria unprepared
Prussia wins
Creation of North German Confederation led by Prussia
Franco-Prussian War ( )
Bismarck waited for an opportunity to force France to wage war on Prussia to increase Prussia’s prestige and encourage other German states to join North German confederation

23. France: Bismarck’s Strategy
Spanish throne is offered to a relative of the King of Prussia after leaders of the Spanish revolution removed their leader.
Louis Napoleon (Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew), Emperor of France convinces German prince to refuse crown then sends an envoy to convince William I of Prussia not to accept the crown.
From the City of Ems, William I sends a telegram to Bismarck about the request, this is called the Ems Dispatch.
Bismarck, seizing his opportunity, rewords the telegram and publishes it in the newspapers.

24. Bismarck’s Plan Pays Off
Prussians become upset about unfair demands to their king; French are insulted by Prussia.
France declares war though unprepared
Prussia thus acquires:
French provinces of Alsace & Lorraine
money to cover the cost of war
The Franco-Prussian War completes the unification of Germany.
South German states unite with north to fight France
1871: German Empire is formed, William I of Prussia as Emperor.

25. Kaiser Wilhelm I

26. Problems Faced by a United Germany
Germany was far from democratic:
The Government of the German Empire was a federal union of states with the King of Prussia as ruler and a two house legislature with:
A powerful 61 member appointed upper house
A 400 member lower house chosen by universal male suffrage (all men could vote)
Strong king who made government appointments, strong upper house had power
strong army, soldiers prominent in society

27. Bismarck’s Policies Made socialism illegal Improved working conditions
Persecuted national and religious minorities, especially Catholics
In foreign affairs, tried to isolate France by making friendships with Austria and Russia
Use of Realpolitik
Realpolitik was Bismarck’s foreign policy  decisions are not based on ideological or moral considerations; decisions should be based on self-interest.