1. Good morning!!! Happy Friday!!!
Please get the paper from the stool
When the bell rings, your phones and headphones need to be somewhere where I can’t see them and you can use them
Reminder—map quiz MONDAY

2. Boundary Notes

3. Defining Borders
Boundaries - Limit the jurisdiction and authority of one entity in favor of another
Limits defense, laws, rights, services, taxation
Political Borders – Represent the spatial limits of a political organization
Boundary Demarcation
The clear marking of boundaries by the building of walls, signs, etc…
Often cause conflict between states
Can also serve as clear cultural dividing points

4. Scales of Borders
Supra-National Scale – Organizations that transcend the boundaries of multiple countries
Example: European Union, United Nations
State Scale – The political division of the Earth’s surface among different countries
Intra-State Scale – Further division of a State into smaller entities
Example: Provinces of Canada

5. Importance of Clear Borders
Centripetal Forces
States with clearly defined borders promotes unity and cultural cohesion
Centrifugal Forces
The more boundaries and nationalities possessed by a state the higher the likelihood of conflict
Separatist movements
Regionalism
External threats

6. Physical Boundaries
Physical Boundaries: physical features that separate
Ex: mountains, deserts, rivers, lakes, oceans
Frontier?
Median Line Principle: drawing a line down the center point of a water boundary

7. Physical Boundaries

8. Geometric Boundaries
Geometric boundaries: straight, imaginary lines that split two countries
Lines of latitude
Ex: North and South Korea are divided at the 38th parallel

9. Cultural Boundaries
Cultural Boundaries: boundaries created by ethnic differences like religion and language

10. Antecedent Boundaries
Antecedent boundary: boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged
Usually a physical barrier.
Examples:
Malaysia/Indonesia

11. Subsequent Boundaries
Subsequent boundary: develop along with the development of the cultural landscape.
Examples:
Northern Ireland and Ireland
China and Vietnam

12. Superimposed Boundaries
Superimposed boundary: boundary that ignores the existing cultural organization on the landscape. Usually placed by a higher authority
Examples:
N & S Vietnam
Most of Africa

13. Relic Boundaries
Relic boundary: This boundary does not exist any longer, but its impact is still felt and seen on the landscape
Example
East and West Germany

14. Fortified Boundaries
The creation of walls/barriers to either prevent foreigners from getting in, or its citizens from getting out.

15. What is a Locational Boundary dispute?
Location Boundary Disputes: arise when the definition of the border is not questioned but the interpretation of the border is
Example: Mississippi River, as the river shifts people in Mississippi have found themselves now in Louisiana

16. What is a Definitional Boundary dispute?
Definitional Boundary Disputes: arise from the legal language of the treaty’s definition of the boundary

17. What is an Operational Boundary dispute?
Operational Boundary Disputes: occur when two countries next to each other disagree on a major issue involving the border
US and Mexico

18. What is an Allocational Boundary dispute?
Allocational Boundary Disputes: this dispute does not question the boundary itself but rather the use of it
Usually involve some type of natural resource

19. What is the International Law of the Seas?
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) created in 1983
Foreign countries could not have their military or other ships travel within 12 miles of the coast of any other country
Countries have exclusive economic zones (EEZs) which means that countries have the right to explore for resources up to 200 miles off their shores.

21. What is the difference between enclaves and exclaves?
Enclave: any portion of a state that is entirely surrounded by the territory of another state
Sometimes used to describe non-sovereign or sovereign territory, generally a small coastal territory, that is partly surrounded by one or several larger states.
Exclave: a portion of a country geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory
Basically, an exclave is the enclave seen from the viewpoint of the main part. Thus, in Fig. 1 at right, C is an enclave from the viewpoint of A but an exclave from the viewpoint of B, the main part

22. Territorial Morphology
Factors that affect the cohesion and political viability of a state
5 Categories
Elongated-long and narrow country
Compact-distance from center to outside border is close to equidistant
Fragmented-broken into separate pieces
Prorupted-large main territory and a narrow corridor leading from it
Perforated-where one state encircles another