1. Spread of Revolutionary Ideas
Prior to the 18th century, Italy and Germany were many small independent states headed by their own absolutist rulers
Napoleonic Wars these states were partly unified under French rule and therefore French ideas took hold there
This undermined the 18th century tradition of loyalty to monarchs

2. Spread of Revolutionary Ideas
1799 Napoleon established his rule in France and became emperor in 1804
Napoleon became a focus for national feeling
He brought modern style administration and law to Italy and Germany
He inadvertently sowed the seeds of resistance
After the fall of Napoleon, the ideas of right to nationalities independence, will of the people represented in assemblies and elected parliaments- did not go away- they survived

3. Romanticism
18th century saw a revival of classical forms in art and culture
By 1815 romanticism spread- express feelings of the human rather than respect for authority and empires
Personal feeling expressed in freer forms- celebrating the wonders of nature and man
The individual not the community was now celebrated
Romanticism meant less respect for authority; individuality, freedom of expression and acting on those feelings was considered right and good

7. Romanticism
Dress and manners became less formal, a renewed interested in what brought individuals together- language, nationality, feeling of connectedness
The old world order that the Congress of Vienna attempts to restore was replaced by romanticism, liberalism and nationalism

8. Reactionary
Reactionaries were those who were against liberal ideas- reaction against change
Defenders of established order and tradition
Austria, Prussia, and Russia were reactionary states- Clemens von Metternich of Austria: respect for traditional authority keeps society stable
Monarch, aristocracy, the Church

9. Nationalism
Belief in progress and happiness will follow if people of the same nationality live in the same state
Language or culture is what bound people together, not loyalty to a monarch
However not all Nationalists believed the same issues
For Germans- Grossdeutschland- greater Germany
Kleindeutschland- northern Germany
What united all Nationalists was a dislike of foreign rule

11. Republicans
Nationalists were sometimes republicans- an end to hereditary monarchy
Few of these types of people however
Even the radicals still looked at a constitutional monarchy as the best system- remember the French Revolution