2. Write each slide title on the left side of the paper
Notes HW
Write each slide title on the left side of the paper
Summarize provided information on the right side of the paper
If there are slides with Objectives or “this lecture will help you understand” you do NOT need to write these.
Define any words or answer any questions or fill in the blanks when something appears in red.
Sometimes it is a question linked to a website you should view
Sometimes there are comments written in purple. You do not need to write these. They are just my personal commentary 
Be prepared to answer questions at the end.

3. This lecture will help you understand:
Natural selection
How evolution influences biodiversity
Reasons for species extinction
Ecological organization
Population characteristics
Population ecology
Conserving biodiversity

5. Central Case Study: Saving Hawaii’s Native Forest Birds
Evolution in the Hawaiian Islands has generated hundreds of species, many unique to the islands
The island chain was once home to 140 species of native birds
In recent times, half of the native bird species have gone extinct
Introduced species (like pigs, cattle, rats, and cats) destroyed habitat and killed eggs and young
Avian malaria killed native birds at lower elevations

7. Evolution: The Source of Earth’s Biodiversity
Species?
They can breed with one another and produce fertile offspring
Population?
Evolution?
Biological evolution?
What happens with genetic change?

8. Evolution: The Source of Earth’s Biodiversity
Genetic changes happens (randomly or systematically?)
But may be directed by natural selection
Natural selection?
What happens to the genetic makeup of future populations?

9. Natural selection shapes organisms and diversity
In 1858, both Darwin and Wallace proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
What are the three premises of natural selection?
Organisms with better adapted traits will produce more offspring

10. Natural selection shapes organisms and diversity
Adaptation?
Adaptive trait (adaptation)?
Mutations?
Non-lethal mutations provide the genetic variation on which natural selection acts
Sexual reproduction also leads to variation
What is directional selection?

12. Selective pressures from the environment influence adaptation
__________ species in different environments experience different pressures and evolve different traits
Convergent evolution?

13. Evidence of natural selection is all around us
It is evident in every adaptation of every organism
Artificial selection?
What are two examples that we use artificial selection?

15. Evolution generates biodiversity
Biological diversity (biodiversity)?
How many species have scientists identified so far?
Estimates of the total number of species that exist range from ___ million to ___million

16. Speciation produces new types of organisms
What is Speciation?
Allopatric speciation?
The_________mode of speciation
Populations can be separated by glaciers, rivers, mountains
Each population gets its own set of ____________
_______________can speed the process

17. We can infer the history of life’s diversification by comparing organisms
How did the major groups of organisms come to be?
What are phylogenetic trees?
What can scientists trace one these trees are constructed?
Can traits evolve more than once?

19. We can infer the history of life’s diversification by comparing organisms
Knowing how organisms are related to one another helps scientists___________and_________them
Categories reflect evolutionary relationships
Scientists use____________and_____________characteristics to organize
Each species gets a_____________Latinized scientific name

21. The fossil record teaches us about life’s long history
These records help to reveal the history of life on earth.

22. Speciation and extinction together determine Earth’s biodiversity
Species last 1–10 million years
Extinction has historically been a natural occurrence
The loss of a species is _____________
How do we calculate the number of species in existence?

23. Speciation and extinction together determine Earth’s biodiversity
Human activity profoundly affects rates of extinction
How does biodiversity loss affect humans directly?

24. Some species are especially vulnerable to extinction
Endemic species?
Very susceptible to extinction
Usually have ________populations
________species are often endemic and thus at risk

25. Earth has seen several episodes of mass extinctions
A constant, slow rate of extinction that occurs as a part of evolution is known as__________________
Mass extinction events?
Occurred five times in Earth’s history
__________of all species go extinct at one time

26. The sixth mass extinction is upon us
Humans are causing the sixth mass extinction event
Resource depletion, population growth, development
Destruction of natural habitats
Hunting and harvesting of species
Introduction of non-native species
Today’s extinction rate is____________times higher than the background rate and rising

27. We study ecology at several levels
Levels of Ecological Organization
Biosphere?
Community?
Ecosystem?

28. We study ecology at several levels
Population ecology?
Community ecology?
Ecosystem ecology?
Nutrient and energy flows

29. Each organism has habitat needs
Does the habitat include abiotic and biotic factors?
Habitat use?
Results in (random or non-random) patterns of use
Habitat selection?
What can potentially cause conflict with habitat selection?

30. Each organism has habitat needs
Habitats vary with the body size and needs of species
A soil mite vs. an elephant
Species have different habitat needs at different times
Migratory birds use different habitats during migration, summer, and winter
Species use different criteria to select habitat
Soil, topography, vegetation, other species
Water temperature, salinity, prey
Species survival depends on having suitable habitat

31. Niche and specialization are key concepts in ecology
Use of resources
What are some functional roles in a community?

32. Niche and specialization are key concepts in ecology
Specialists?
Are vulnerable when conditions change or remain constant?
Generalists?
Use a wide array of habitats and resources
Can live in the same or different places?

33. Population Ecology Population?
What is the difference between an isolated and continuous population?

34. Populations show characteristics that help predict their dynamics
Population size?
Populations generally grow when resources are (more or less) and when there is (a lot or few) predators
Population size will (rise or decline) in response to loss of resources, other species, disasters

35. Population density Population density?
Give the advantages and disadvantages of a high density population.
Give the advantages and disadvantages of a low density population.

36. Population distribution
Population distribution (dispersion)?
Haphazardly located individuals, with no pattern is_____________
Individuals are evenly spaced is ________________
Territoriality, competition
Organisms found close to other members of population is ________________________

37. Sex ratio and age structure
In monogamous species, a_____sex ratio maximizes population growth
Age distribution (structure)?
Age structure diagrams (pyramids) show the age structure of populations
In species that continue growing as they age, older individuals reproduce more
Give an example of a species that reproduce more as they age.

38. Birth and death rates Survivorship curves?
Type I: higher death rate at older ages
Larger animals (humans)
Type II: same death rate at all ages
Medium-sized animals (birds)
Type III: higher death rate at young ages
Small animals, plants

40. Populations may grow, shrink, or remain stable
What is the difference between natality and mortality?
Immigration?
Emigration?
What are some ways the individuals are added to a population?
What are some ways that individuals are removed from the population?
How do we find the crude birth (death) rates?

41. Populations may grow, shrink, or remain stable
Natural rate of population increase =
(Crude birth rate) − (crude death rate)
Population change due to internal factors
Population growth rate =
(Crude birth rate + immigration rate) − (Crude death rate + emigration rate)
Net changes in a population’s size/1000/year
Growth rate as a percent = Population growth rate × 100%
Populations of different sizes can be compared

42. Unregulated populations increase by exponential growth
What is the curve shape of exponential growth?
Exponential growth cannot be sustained indefinitely
Where does exponential growth occur?

44. Limiting factors restrain population growth
Physical, chemical, and biological attributes of the environment that restrain population growth are_________________
Give some examples of limiting factors.
Carrying capacity?
Limiting factors slow and stop exponential growth
An__________logistic growth curve

46. The influence of some factors depends on population density
What are Density-dependent factors?
Increased density increases?
Results in the__________________curve
_______________populations have weaker or stronger effects of limiting factors
Density-independent factors = limiting factors whose influence is not affected by population density
What events are considered d.i.f.?

47. The logistic growth curve is a simplified model
Few populations in nature match the curve exactly

49. Carrying capacities can change
Environments are complex and always changing.
Limiting factors change and alter the carrying capacity
Humans lower environmental resistance for themselves
Increases or decreases our carrying capacity?
Technologies overcome limiting factors
In increasing carrying capacity for humans, we now use immense portions of the planet’s resources
We have reduced the carrying capacity for countless other organisms

50. Reproductive strategies vary among species
Biotic potential = an organism’s capacity to produce offspring
K-selected species?
Have a low or high biotic potential
Stabilize at or near carrying capacity; good competitors
r-selected species?
Have a high or low biotic potential
Populations fluctuate greatly
These are the two extremes—most species fall somewhere in between

51. Innovative solutions are working
Scientists, land managers, and private citizens are protecting the native species and habitats of Hawaii
Invasive species are being added or removed?
Native species (like the nēnē) are being protected, and new populations are being started
Ranch land is being restored to forest
Coral reef communities are part of the largest federally protected marine reserve in the world
This restored and protected land has resulted in ecotourism. What is ecotourism?

52. Climate change now poses an extra challenge
Climate change is altering how we protect species and habitats
Land is typically protected to conserve the species that live there
As the climate changes, the protected land may no longer support the same species

53. Conclusion
The fundamentals of evolution and population ecology are integral to environmental science
Natural selection, speciation, and extinction help determine Earth’s biodiversity
Understanding how ecological processes function at the population level is crucial to protecting biodiversity

54. QUESTION: Review
Which of the following is NOT a part of the process of natural selection?
Once grown, organisms generally do not have to struggle to survive.
Organisms produce more young than can survive.
Individuals vary in their genetic characteristics.
Some individuals are better suited to their environment than others.
Answer: a 54

55. QUESTION: Review What happens as a result of adaptation?
Species have lower reproductive success and lower survival.
Species have higher reproductive success and higher survival.
Species have higher reproductive success and lower survival.
Species have lower reproductive success and higher survival.
Answer: b 55

56. QUESTION: Review
Directional selection would result in which of the following?
Dogs with black coats evolving whiter coats in colder areas
Red and white flowers interbreeding, producing pink flowers
Fish evolving bigger eyes as the water gets muddier
A population of birds, some with thicker beaks that eat seeds and others with thinner beaks that eat insects
Answer: c 56

57. QUESTION: Review Allopatric speciation would occur in
one population that mates in May and another that mates in June.
two populations separated by the Mississippi River.
one population that feeds in tree branches and another that feeds on tree trunks.
a population with a mutation that turns fur a different color than usual.
Answer: b 57

58. QUESTION: Review
Which of the following statements about extinction is true?
Extinctions have only started now that humans are changing the planet.
Extinction of one species never benefits any other organisms in a community.
The vast majority of species that have ever existed are now extinct.
Extinction rates stay at a constant background rate and never change.
Answer: c 58

59. QUESTION: Review
Which of these species is MOST vulnerable to extinction?
A species whose crude death rate is lower than its crude birth rate
A species distributed in one county of the United States
A species that eats many different plant species
A species that has hundreds of offspring
Answer: b 59

60. QUESTION: Review A community is defined as
the total of living things on Earth.
members of the same population that can interbreed.
interacting species in an area.
species and the nonliving material they interact with.
Answer: c 60

61. QUESTION: Viewpoints Should we care whether a species goes extinct?
Yes, because all life is important and valuable.
Yes, because we are causing this wave of extinction, so we should fix it.
We should not, because it’s natural.
I don’t care; it really does not affect me.
Answer: any 61

62. QUESTION: Viewpoints
Do you think humans are subject to limiting factors and, ultimately, a fixed carrying capacity?
Yes. Although we have raised the carrying capacity, there are limits to the number of humans Earth can support.
Yes, but technology will keep raising the carrying capacity, so it’s not much of a problem.
No. Humans are no longer constrained by environmental limits, due to our technology and ability to manipulate the environment.
I don’t care; it really does not affect me.
Answer: any 62

63. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data
Which type of distribution is a result of competition between individuals?
Random
Uniform
Clumped
None of these
Answer: b 63

64. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data
What does this graph show?
The effects of carrying capacity on population growth
A population that keeps growing
The effects of exponential growth
The effects of increasing carrying capacity
Answer: a 64