1. ENERGY MOVEMENT THROUGH THE BIOSPHERE

2. SOLAR RADIATION GREENHOUSE GASES
Solar radiation to Earth.
Energy lost through respiration as heat
Ozone layer absorbs some of the radiation.
Reflection of some heat back to Earth.
Reflection of some heat back to Earth
Plants trap energy from solar radiation.
Animals eat plants and gain some of their energy
Absorption and reflection of solar energy.
MATTER CAN BE RECYCLED, BUT ENERGY IS CONTINUALLY LOST
THROUGH HEAT AND MUST BE REPLACED BY SOLAR RADIATION.

3. PASSAGE OF ENERGY IN AN ECOSYSTEM.
Loss of Energy
Loss of Energy
PRODUCERS (plants)
Convert energy from the Sun to food energy. Most of this energy is used up.
SOLAR RADIATION
PASSAGE OF ENERGY IN AN ECOSYSTEM.
Loss of Energy
DECOMPOSERS
Bacteria gains food energy from what they are decomposing. ALL of the energy from decomposers is lost as heat.
Loss of Energy
PRIMARY CONSUMERS OR HERBIVORES
(eat plants)
Gains a small amount of energy from the Producers. Most of this energy is used up.
SECONDARY CONSUMERS OR CARNIVORES
(eat other animals)
Gains a small amount of energy from the Producers. Most of this energy is used up.
NOWHERE IS ENERGY STORED. IT IS ALL LOST THROUGHOUT THIS SYSTEM.

4. FOOD CHAINS
All living things depend on sunlight. Energy, in the form of food, passes from one organism to the next. This leads to the formation of FOOD CHAINS:
plants depend on it to make food
herbivores depend on it because they eat plants
carnivores depend on it because they eat herbivores and other carnivores
parasites depend it because they live off other organisms
scavengers and decomposers depend on it because they consume all types of dead organisms.

5. PRIMARY CONSUMER (CATERPILLAR) SECONDARY CONSUMER (BIRD)
Arrows mean “get eaten by” and show energy flow. Make sure they go the correct direction
FOOD CHAINS
SUNLIGHT
PRODUCER
(CABBAGE)
PRIMARY CONSUMER (CATERPILLAR)
Minerals released from dead organisms by decomposers are absorbed by plants.
DIES
SECONDARY CONSUMER (BIRD)
DECOMPOSERS
(MUSHROOMS)

6. FOOD WEBS
Food chains are never as simple as those illustrated in the previous slide, because consumers rarely eat only one type of food.
Food chains, therefore, interconnect at many points, making what is known as a FOOD WEB.
The organisms that make up a food web are interdependent. This means they depend on each other, especially for food. They live in COMMUNITIES in an area known as a HABITAT.

7. EXAMPLE OF A FOOD WEB Humans. Eggs. Starfish. Sea Birds. Mussels.
Large Fish.
Sea Birds.
Mussels.
Young Fish.
Scallops.
Animal Plankton.
Sea Anemone.
Crabs.
Shrimps and Prawns.
Plant Plankton.
Dead organisms.

8. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
One of the most important differences between plants and animals is the way they obtain their food: animals must hunt or gather their own, but plants can make food for themselves by the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CO2
SUNLIGHT
FOOD STORED IN ROOTS AND OTHER PLANT GROWTH O2
WATER FROM THE SOIL VIA THE PLANT’S ROOTS AND TRANSPORT SYSTEM

9. THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis only happens in plants because only plants have chlorophyll in their cells. Animals have no chlorophyll, so they cannot perform photosynthesis, therefore they have to rely on plants for food. + + +
CARBON DIOXIDE
(CO2)
WATER
(H2O)
ENERGY
FOOD
OXYGEN
(O2)
THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS