1. Acids-Bases Arrhenius:
Acid…. A substance that increases the hydrogen ion, H+, concentration when dissolved in H2O. Eg. HCl, H2SO4, HC2H3O2 (CH3COOH), etc.
Base…. A substance that increases hydroxide ion, OH-, concentration.
Eg. NaOH, NH4OH, etc.
Bronsted-Lowry (1923) (not worried about increasing/decreasing H+ or OH- concentrations)
Acid … a “proton donor”, p+ = H+, any formula HA.
Eg. HCl, H2SO4, HC2H3O2 (CH3COOH), etc.
Base …. A “proton acceptor” Eg. OH-, NH3 ; Cl-

2. Acid solutions: - + HCl(g) + H2O(l) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) .. H .. .. .. H
HCl(g) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) .. H .. + .. .. H
:Cl: H
:O: - + .. .. H
:O:
:Cl: .. .. H H
Hydrogen ion, H+, or hydronium ion, H3O+ has formed
H3O+(aq) = H+(aq)
HCl(g) + H2O(l) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

3. HCl(g) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Strength of an acid can be determined by conductivity.
Good or poor electrolyte?
Large or small # of ions?
12 M HCl
HCl(g) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

5. Strength of an acid can be determined by conductivity.
Good or poor electrolyte?
Large or small # of ions?
Pure HC2H3O2
Diluted HC2H3O2

6. Properties of Acids:

7. More Bronsted-Lowry Acid/Base info:
General acid/base reaction:
HA B = A HB+

8. Basic Solutions: Strong Arrhenius bases:
Group IA hydroxides. Eg. NaOH, KOH
Lower Group IIA hydroxides. Eg. Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2

9. Lewis Acid/Base + Lewis acid: electron pair acceptor
Lewis base: electron pair donor + H H .. .. H+
:N: H .. : N : H H .. H H
“adduct” … the product of a L.acid/base rxn

10. Acid-Base Equilibria Review: In pure water & all aqueous solutions:
H2O + H2O = H3O+ + OH-

11. Solutions of Strong Acids/ Bases:
0.10 M HNO3 actually consists of M H3O or [H+] = 0.10 M
0.10 M NaOH…. Adds 0.10 OH- to the water solution

12. pH
A simple scale for ranking the H3O+ concentrations of dilute acid/base solutions. (Sorenson).
The logarithm of a number is that number expressed as an exponent of the base 10.
For example, the logarithm of 1 is 0, 1 x 100.

13. pH Scale [H3O+][OH-]= 1x10-14 pH = - log[H3O] pH + pOH = 14
Formulas to remember

14. More About the pH Scale Given a 3.25 x 10-4 M HNO3 , solve for: [H3O+]
[OH-] =