1. Reformation and the Counter Reformation
John Calvin, Henry VIII, and The Society of Jesus

2. John Calvin Born in France in 1509 He converted to Protestantism
Forced into hiding due to persecution, he fled to Geneva
His works resembled many beliefs of Luther but said the state and church were independent of each other, supreme authority rested in the Bible

3. Calvin Stressed omnipotent God or “all-knowing”
Believed salvation was only granted to some not all
Men and women can do nothing to change their fate, which was PREDESTINED
People have no idea of who is saved but according to Calvin people were supposed to be upbeat about the uncertainty
People were to going to do God’s work in order to convince themselves of salvation

4. Henry VIII
King of England wanted an annulment from his 20-year marriage to Catherine of Aragon to marry his pregnant mistress Anne Boleyn
The Catholic Church was slow to act on this situation so he turned to the Archbishop of Canterbury who annulled the marriage
This allowed Henry to seek a true male heir to the English throne

5. Henry VIII and Children
Before Henry died he had 6 wives, some were too ugly, some committed adultery, some borne him no sons
Eventually Henry’s only son, Edward VI, sickly from the beginning died
The throne was taken by Henry’s daughter Mary (Catherine’s) and then Elizabeth had Mary killed
The Anglican Church was formed by Henry and Mary tried to go back to Catholicism and Elizabeth was able to balance the 2 sides

6. Counter Reformation
Most effective weapon of Catholic Church in battling Protestants was the Society of Jesus
Founded by Ignatius Loyola, a former soldier, structured the order after military discipline
Applicants, later called Jesuits, were carefully screened and rigorously trained accompanied by long apprenticeship.
Very effective missionaries carrying the word to nations across the world
It was the field of education where the Jesuits won their greatest fame.