1. Earth Chemistry

2. Atoms and elements Matter – Anything that takes up space and has mass
Every object in the universe is made of particles of some kind of matter.
Is something is not matter then it is a form of energy like light or heat.
Matter exists in one of three states:
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma

3. Atoms and elements
How does the motion and appearance of particles change in a solid, liquid, and gas?

4. Atoms and elements Elements –
A pure chemical substance made of only one kind of atom. An element cannot be broken down into a simpler substance.
All matter is made up of elements
Each element is made of only one kind of atom
All of the known elements can be found on the periodic table

5. Atoms and elements
Take a moment and in the elements section of your note sheet write down five elements that you can remember without looking at your periodic table

6. Atoms are made up of three parts called subatomic particles
Atoms and elements
Atoms –
The basic unit of a chemical element and of all matter. Atoms are the smallest possible particles of matter
Atoms are made up of three parts called subatomic particles
Protons – Positively charged particles located within the nucleus of the atom
Neutrons – Particles with a neutral charge (neither positive nor negative) located within the nucleus of the atom
Electrons – Negatively charged particles that move around the nucleus of the atom

7. Atoms and elements
Atomic Structure

8. Periodic table of elements
The periodic table – An arrangement of all known elements organized by the number of protons in each element (atomic number) Atomic Number – The number of protons in an element

9. Periodic table of elements
Elements are listed from left to right in order of increasing atomic number
Elements are also grouped into one of three categories:
Metals – Solid, Shiny, Good conductors
Nonmetals – No characteristics of a metal (gases, liquids)
Metalloids – A nonmetal with some metallic properties

10. Periodic table of elements

11. Compounds and molecules
Compound – A chemical combination of at least 2 different elements For example: Water is made of the elements Hydrogen and Oxygen Compounds can only be separated by chemical means and by altering the substance – Burning, electrolysis, etc.

12. Compounds and molecules
Molecule – Composed of 2 or more atoms Molecules could be made of 2 atoms of the same element. Oxygen is a good example of this Molecules could also be made of 2 atoms of different elements. Water is a good example of this because it is made of a total of 3 atoms – 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen

13. Compounds and molecules
All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds

14. Compounds and molecules

15. Chemical formulas
A chemical formula shows the elements in a compound and how many atoms of each element are present Chemical symbols and a subscript number are used Examples: Carbon Dioxide = CO2 Water = H2O Table Sugar = C6H22O11

16. Mixtures and solutions
Mixture – A mixture is made of 2 or more substances that are mixed together but that are not chemically combined – They can be easily separated. Take a minute and write down some examples of mixtures on the left side of your note page now. Trail mix, cinnamon sugar, lucky charms, salad

17. Mixtures and solutions
Solution – A solution is a mixture composed of two or more substances that looks like only one substance Examples: Kool-aid, chocolate milk, salt water

18. Mixtures and solutions
Solutions are composed of two parts – Solute: Substance that is being dissolved. i.e. salt Solvent: Substance that is doing the dissolving. i.e. water

19. Physical and chemical properties
Physical Properties – Characteristics of an object that you can observe without changing the substance For example……. Color, smell, freezing point, boiling point, density, mass, taste, feel, etc.

20. Physical and chemical properties
Physical changes – Are reversible changes that do not alter what the substance is For example….. Freezing/melting/boiling water, crumpling paper, cutting hair Physical Change

21. Physical and chemical properties
Chemical properties – Properties that describe the change that will occur when one substance reacts with another. Chemical properties tell you how a substance will behave For example….Iron forms rust when exposed to oxygen, hydrogen gas is combustible

22. Physical and chemical properties
Chemical changes – A change that results in a new substance forming For example….. Iron rusting, gas burning, a bonfire You can tell there has been a chemical change: If there is a color change, bubbling or fizzing (gas release), light, smoke, or heat

23. Conservation of mass/matter
The Law of Conservation of Mass/Matter Mass cannot be created or destroyed, it may only change forms Closed System – A system that does not exchange any matter with its surroundings How does this apply to when you burn a piece of paper?