1. SAT II Biology E/M Chapter 14
Animal Physiology

2. Animal Physiology Animals are multicellular eukaryotes.
All are heterotrophs and acquire nutrients by ingestion.

3. Movement and Locomotion
Movement is a characteristic of all animals.
It can be referred to the beating of cilia or the waving of tentacles to capture prey.
It can also mean locomotion, movement from place to place.
Sessile: meaning that they do not move.
Some has an exoskeleton consisting mostly of the polysaccharide, chitin, which does not
grow with the animal and must be shed periodically.
Hydrostatic skeleton: a closed body compartment filled with fluid.
Endoskeleton: made of bone and cartilage that grows as the animal grows.
Bone to ligaments
Muscles to tendons

4. Body temperature regulation
The oceans are the most stable environment and experience the least fluctuation in environmental temperatures.
Temperatures on land, however, fluctuate enormously. Temperature regulation, like water conservation, became a problem for animals when they moved to land millions of years ago.

5. Clarifying Terms
Cold-blooded and warm-blooded are not scientific terms.
Ectotherm means heated from outside and is probably closest in meaning to cold-blooded.
Endotherm (homeotherm) same as warm-blooded. Means maintaining a constant body temperature despite fluctuations in the environmental temperature.

6. Excretion
Excretion is the removal of metabolic wastes. These include water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogenous wastes.
There are three different types of nitrogenous wastes.
Ammonia
Urea
Uric Acid

7. Ammonia Very soluble in water and highly toxic.
Excreted generally by organisms that live in water, including hydra and fish.

8. Urea Not as toxic as ammonia. Excreted by earthworms and humans.
In mammals, is formed in the liver from ammonia

9. Uric Acid
Paste Like substance that is not soluble in water and therefore not very toxic.
Excreted by insects, many reptiles, and birds, with minimum of water loss.

10. Excretion in Various Animals
ORGANISM
STRUCTURES
NITROGENOUS WASTE
Hydra
None
Ammonia
Platyhelminthes (planaria)
Flame cells
Earthworms
Nephridia (metanephridia)
Urea
Insects
Malpighian tubules
Uric acid
Humans
Nephrons

11. HYDRA- PHYLUM CNIDARIA
Nutrition
Gastrovascular cavity: has only one opening, the mouth.
The animal has a two way digestive tract, which means that food enters the same opening as waste exists.
Lysosomes: carry out intracellular digestion as wella s extra cellular digestion.

12. Continue Body plan and symmetry
The basic body plan of the hydra is a polyp; while the body plan of the jellyfish is the medusa.
The symmetry of all animals in this phylum is primitive and radial.
The animal has only two cell layers; ectoderm and endoderm.
The layers are held together by a middle layer called the mesoglea.
Every cell is in direct contact with its environment, and therefore the hydra has no need of a circulatory system.

13. Continue Nervous System
All cnidarians have unique cells called cnidocytes that contain stingers called nematocysts.
The entire animal responds to a single stimulus.

14. Continue Reproduction
Cnidarians reproduce sexually, as well as asexually, by budding.
A bud is a genetically identical, but miniature version of the parent that forms within or on the parent.
Ultimately, it breaks free to become an independent being.

16. EARTHWORM-PHYLUM ANNELIDA
Nutrition:
From the mouth, food moves to the esophagus and then to the crop, where it is stored.
Behind of the crop is where the gizzard were ingested along with the organic matter.

17. Nervous and Transport systems
The exchange of respiratory gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide- between the environment and cells occurs passively by diffusion through moist skin.
Has an external respiratory surface b/c diffusion of these gases occurs at the animal’s surfaces.
Has five pairs of aortic arches that pump blood through the body in arteries, veins and capillaries.
Earthworms has a closed circulatory system=em because blood never normally leaves these blood vessels.
The brain of the earthworm consists of two dorsal;
Solid, fused ganglia that connect to a solid, ventral nerve cord.

18. Excretion and Reproduction
The earthworm has paired nephridia in every body to remove the nitrogenous waste urea.
The earthworm is a hermaphrodite meaning that is has both male and female sex organs.

20. Grasshopper- Phylum Arthropoda
Nutrition:
Also has a digestive tract that consists of a long tube consisting of a crop and a gizzard.
Some differences would be;
Has a specialized mouthpart for tasting, biting, and crushing food
Gizzard that contains plates made of chitin that help grind food.
The digestive tract is also responsible for removing the nitrogenous waste uric acid from the animal.
Malpighian tubules serve this function

21. Nervous and transport systems
Similar to earthworm, but the transport system is different.
Its heart is tubular, and the animal lacks capillaries.
Has an open circulatory system where blood normally leaves the artery and moves through interconnected sinuses or hemocoels., spaces surrounding the organs. Arthropod blood does not carry hemoglobin or oxygen.

22. Exchange of respiratory surface
Grasshopper have an internal respiratory surface because exhcange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs inside the animal.
Air enters the body through spiracles and travels through a system of tracheal tubes into the hemocoels or sinuses where diffusion occurs.
In arthropods and in some mollusks, oxygen is carried by hemocyanin, a molecule similar to hemoglobin but with copper, instead of iron, as its core atom.

23. THE END