1. Chapter 12 Review
World History 8

3. Muhammad Born in Mecca, brings a new religion to Arabia.
Meditates in a cave, an angel/God speaks to him.
Prophets and teachings:
The Belief in only one God, Allah
Way for Muslims to live their lives.
Disagreements with rich merchants and equality. Eventually Muhammad is threatened to be killed and moves to Medina, which becomes “the Prophet’s city.”

4. 1.Muslims must state their faith by saying, “there is no god but God, and Muhammad is his prophet.”
2. Daily prayer, 5 times a day at a mosque.
3. Donations to Charity.
4. Fasting, going without food.
5. A pilgrimage (called Hajj) to Mecca, where the Kaaba is located.

5. Qur’an
Islamic holy book. Collections of the messages from God to Muhammad.
Main Teachings:
There is only one God, Allah.
Describes guidelines for moral behaviors and talks about the final day of judgment.

6. The Sunnah
Refers to the way Muhammad lived, provides as a model of living for other Muslims.
Rules on how to treat others, based on the hadith (the written record of Muhammad’s words and actions).
Generosity, personal relations, guidelines for business and government.

7. The Three Empires of Islam
1) The Ottoman Empire
Muslim Turkish Warriors led by Mehmed II and Suleyman I.
Eventually the empire was spread throughout eastern Europe to North Africa and Arabia.
Trained Christian boys from conquered lands to be warriors called Janissaries.

8. The Three Empires of Islam
2) The Safavid Empire
Persian Muslims led by ‘Abbas in present day Iran.
Conflicted with the Ottoman’s, so Islam split into two groups:
Shia, Muslims who believed only Muhammad’s descendants could become caliphs. Second largest branch of Islam.
Sunni, didn’t think caliphs had to be related to Muhammad. Largest branch of Islam.

9. The Three Empires of Islam
3) The Mughal Empire
Turkish Muslims, located in India led by Babur and later Akbar.
Akbar continued tolerant religious policies, ending taxes on non-Muslims.
Known for architecture, emperor Shah Jahan built the
Taj Mahal.

10. Cultural Achievements
Calligraphy, known for their decorative writings.
Religious tolerance (acceptance) of others.
Philosophy: Sufis, people who believe they can find God’s love by having a personal relationship with God.
Minaret, narrow tower where Muslims pray.