1. The Communist Revolution
CHINA
The Communist Revolution

2. RECALL . . . IMPERIALISM IN CHINA: China was manipulated by foreigners
due to their lack of technology
lack of industrialization
Chinese belief in traditional society
had raw materials that foreigners wanted – silk, porcelain, tea

3. Opium War 1839 – who? why? Treaty of Nanjing 1842 End of the Opium War
Britain gains island of Hong Kong (not returned to Chinese until 1997)
Foreign powers gain extraterritorial rights – exemption from Chinese law in certain port cities

4. Spheres of Influence
An area in which a foreign nation controlled trade & investment
Foreigners gain control of more areas

5. Open Door Policy 1899
U.S. policy that declared China should be “open” for equal trade with merchants of all nations
It protected American trading rights in China

6. Early Nationalism The Boxer Rebellion 1890
Society of the Harmonious Fist – called Boxers
Boxers resented special privileges granted to foreigners, & Chinese Christians who were protected by foreign missionaries
Surrounded European section of Beijing & held it under siege for several months
Multinational force of 20,000 troops put down the rebellion

7. EARLY REVOLUTION - 1911 The Qing dynasty ruled since 1644
The last emperor – little boy P’u Yi
1912: Emperor was overthrown by the Kuomintang (a.k.a. Nationalist Party)
Group interested in modernizing China & supported nationalist ideas

9. Causes of the 1911 Revolution
Failure of the government
Powerless to stop foreign influence
Poverty – corruption & high taxes
Reform ideas
Many progressive Chinese felt that traditional Confucian political ideas were holding China back
Foreign ideas were flowing in
Nationalism

10. REPUBLIC OF CHINA 1912: Sun Yixian became provisional president
He was leader of the Kuomintang
Called the “father of the republic”

11. Sun Yixian  Warlords
He lacked authority, was corrupt, & military support lessened  making it hard to secure national unity
Real authority went to the warlords who ruled territories as large as their armies could control
Warlords were powerful military leaders, and were landowning elite

12. Major Problems Peasants suffered under the warlords
Warlords terrorized the peasants by destroying and stealing from them
Poverty & famine
World War I – China joined the Allies
Believed that the Allies would return control of China to the Chinese (think Wilson’s Fourteen Points – self-determination)
Treaty of Versailles – Germany loses their territories & privileges in China  they go to the Japanese (also imperialist)

13. JIANG JIESHI (Chiang Kai-shek)
1925: Sun died & Jiang becomes leader of the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party)
Son of a middle-class merchant & many of his followers were bankers & business people

14. Life under Jiang
Modernized & industrialized transportation and technology
What problems come with industrialization?
Programs to modernize China only helped the cities
Promised democracy & rights to all Chinese – but it didn’t happen
Government was corrupt
He did nothing to improve peasants’ lives

15. Video Clip What problems do the peasants face?
Why was the Communist Party popular for the peasants?

16. COMMUNIST PARTY IN CHINA
Intellectuals meet at universities to discuss Marx’s revolutionary beliefs & form the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
Mao Zedong as one of the founders
Used Bolsheviks & Lenin as an example of revolutionary change

17. Mao Zedong

18. MAO’S COMMUNISM Creates his own form of Communism
Karl Marx believed that the revolution would be carried out by the proletariat (recall – industrialized France was his frame of reference)
Lenin showed that revolution could happen in a mostly rural country, but still used the cities as his organized base

19. Mao believed the PEASANTS would be the revolutionaries in China – they were the exploited class, the have-nots
His thoughts on revolution – Maoism (Mao’s twist on Marxism)
Mao gathered support from the peasants by taking warlords lands & dividing the land among the poor & starving peasants

20. CIVIL WAR IN CHINA

21. CIVIL WAR IN CHINA
By 1930, it was Nationalists vs. Communists in a civil war
Communists establish themselves in the countryside, gathered more peasant support, & trained them in guerrilla warfare
Jiang’s Nationalists unable to drive the Communists out completely
1933: 700,000 Nationalists surround the Communists (6:1)

22. Regents Practice
1. The Communist Revolution in China differed from the 19th-cetury Marxist ideals because this revolution was primarily supported by the
(1) warlords
(2) peasants
(3) factory owners
(4) gentry

23. Regents Practice
2. During the Communist Revolution in China, many farmers supported the Communist because the Communist promised
(1) land reform
(2) a peace treaty with Japan
(3) a federal republic
(4) aid from the industrial nations

24. Regents Practice
3. Which type of warfare did Mao Zedong, Fidel Castro, and Ho Chi Minh all engage in as leaders of revolutionary movements in their respective nations?
(1) trench
(2) unrestricted submarine
(3) biological
(4) guerilla

25. The Long March Communist were loosing the civil war, so they fled
Long March was a 6,000 mile journey which lasted one year
100,000 people fled on the march
only 10,000 survived
Crossed many rivers, mountain ranges, & miles of swampland
Nationalists were right behind them

26. Video Clip Why were the communist on the Long March?
What problems did they face on the Long March?

29. The Long March was both a failure & a success for the Communists
so many deaths along the way
Success:
the survivors become the leaders of the Chinese Communist Party for the next 50 years & Mao assumes full leadership of the party
And the lasting legacy of the Long March…

31. Why the Communists Win the Civil War
Guerilla warfare tactics
Chinese people saw the Nationalists & Jiang as corrupt
U.S. money; & people thought they didn’t do enough to fight off Japan
Link between warlords & Japanese

32. Thousands of Kuomintang soldiers left to join the Red Army (CCP)
CCP was popular among the peasants
Promised land reforms & redistribution
Could provide stability
The CCP actually fought against Japan

33. TWO CHINAS The Communist People’s Republic of China
Established by Mao in 1949
Located on the mainland of China with Beijing as its capital
Communist - backed by Soviet Union
The Republic of China
Jiang & Nationalist fled to island of Taiwan
Democracy (really a dictatorship) – backed by U.S.

35. Regents Practice
4. The main reason the Chinese Communists gained control of mainland China in 1949 was that
(1) they were supported by many warlords and upper class Chinese.
(2) Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) supported the Chinese Communist Party during WWII.
(3) the dynamic leadership of Mao Zedong had the support of the peasant class.
(4) they had superior financial resources and were supported by Japan.