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Contribution from Natural Sources of Aerosol Particles to PM in Canada
Task Force on Measurements and Modelling TFMM 6th Meeting, Zagreb, Croatia 4th – 7th April 2005 Contribution from Natural Sources of Aerosol Particles to PM in Canada Sunling Gong Meteorological Service of Canada Meteorological Service of Canada Environment Canada
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Acknowledgement CWS – Canada Wide Standard for partial financial support of this project.
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Natural Components
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Sea-salt Soil dust BC/OC DMS - Sulphate Source Functions
Bio-mass burning Biogenic SOA DMS - Sulphate
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Source – Soil Dust Ideal Threshold Friction Velocity
Marticorena and Bergametti [1995]
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Source – Soil Dust Threshold Friction Velocity
Roughness Marticorena and Bergametti [1995] Soil Moisture Fécan et al. [1999]
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Source – Soil Dust Horizontal and Vertical Fluxes r < 20 mm
Marticorena and Bergametti [1995]
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Source – Soil Dust Parameters Needed Soil Features Meteorology
Roughness Texture (size distribution) Composition Land use Meteorology Wind speed Soil moisture
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Source – Sea-salt By two mechanisms: [Monahan et al. 1986, Gong 2004]
![Source – Sea-salt By two mechanisms: [Monahan et al. 1986, Gong 2004]](http://slideplayer.com./slide/16898236/97/images/9/Source+%E2%80%93+Sea-salt+By+two+mechanisms%3A+%5BMonahan+et+al.+1986%2C+Gong+2004%5D.jpg "Source – Sea-salt By two mechanisms: [Monahan et al. 1986, Gong 2004]")
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Source – Bio-Mass Burning
B.C. (Tg year-1) P.O.M. (Tg year-1) Global Budgets for the 1980s Biomass Burning 5.96 50.4 Savannas1 Tropical forests1 Boreal & temperate vegetation fires2 Agricultural fires1 Domestic fuels1 2.17 1.93 0.33 0.53 1.00 15.5 16.6 5.9 3.1 9.3 Fossil Fuels3 5.10 9.4 Natural Sources1 _ 7.8 TOTAL 11.06 67.6 1Liousse et al. (1996), 2Lavoué et al. (2000), 3Cooke et al. (1999)
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Source – BC/OC Boreal Forest Fire Emissions, 1998
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Source – BC/OC Black Carbon, Canada 30% 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000
20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 200,000 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 BC (t) 30% Black Carbon, Canada
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Source – BC/OC Particulate Organic Carbon, Canada 90% POC (t) 250,000
250,000 500,000 750,000 1,000,000 1,250,000 1,500,000 1,750,000 2,000,000 2,250,000 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 POC (t) 90% Particulate Organic Carbon, Canada
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NARCM NCEP
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Aerosol Mass Balance ¶c ¶c ¶c ¶c ¶c = + + + ¶ t ¶ t ¶ t ¶ t ¶ t ¶c ¶c
ij ij ij ij ij = + + + t t t t t TRANSPORT SURFACE CLEAR AIR DRY ¶c ¶c ij ij + + t t IN - CLOUD BELOW - CLOUDS Gong et al. 2003, JGR CAM: A Size Segregated Simulation of Atmospheric Aerosol Processes for Climate and Air Quality Models 1. Module Development
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Results 1998 – BC/OC from biomass only 2001 – spring with all sources
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Results – Dust Aerosols
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Results – Soil Dust
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POM Concentrations
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Results – BC
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Surface concentration (ng.m-3)
Results –OC Surface concentration (ng.m-3) Organic Matter Summertime Concentrations Column loading (ug.m-2) Canadian Fires, 1998
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Sulphate - May 1998
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Sulphate - Aug 1998
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OC/Sulphate Ratio May 1998
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OC/Sulphate Ratio Aug 1998
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BC/Sulphate Ratio May 1998
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BC/Sulphate Ratio Aug 1998
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Results – Sea-salt % Sea-salt to PM in East Canada – 2001 Spring
mg m-3
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Results – Sea-salt % Sea-salt to PM in West Canada – 2001 Spring
mg m-3
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Other Natural Aerosols
DMS (Oceanic & Land) DMS+OH SO2 H2SO4 Biogenic Emission Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) Volcanoes SO2 and sulphate
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Interannual Variations – Soil Dust
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Interannual Variations – Bio-Mass
20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 200,000 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 BC (t) 30% Black Carbon, Canada
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Interannual Variations – Bio-Mass
250,000 500,000 750,000 1,000,000 1,250,000 1,500,000 1,750,000 2,000,000 2,250,000 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 POC (t) 90% Particulate Organic Carbon, Canada
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Future Work Multiyear simulation – more scenarios
High and low contributions Large domain – including Sahara desert Comparison with observations Separate natural and anthropogenic simulations Multi-frame work GEM/AQ, AURAMS, ….
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Summary - 1 A frame work for studying the contributions of natural aerosols to the background PM in Canada has been established. Seal-salt and bio-mass burning contribute substantially to the background PM depending on time and locations.
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Natural contributions have a large interannual variations.
Summary - 2 Natural contributions have a large interannual variations. More simulations should been done to characterize the variations of these contributions as well as other natural components.
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