1. Navigation

2. Compass deviation
The deviations (changes) caused by electrical power and metal in the airplane that affect the compass. The pilot must correct for this.

3. Altimeter
A barometer that reads atmospheric pressure in order to tell you how high you are.

4. True Airspeed vs. Ground Speed
How fast the aircraft moves through the air is airspeed
How fast something moves on the ground is ground speed
They may not be the same….wind on the ground can help your ground speed, but if your are in the air, you are measured by the speed you are moving through the air

5. Wind and the wind triangle
A tool used to figure out how wind will affect the aircraft… it can counter the effect of drift.