1. The Modern Organization Functioning in a Global Environment
Class 1
Dr. Zakariya Belkhamza

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Describe business processes and discuss business process management
Differentiate among data, information, and knowledge
Differentiate between information technology infrastructure and information technology architecture

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES (continued)
Describe the global business environment and the new information technology infrastructure
Discuss the relationships among business pressures, organizational responses, and information systems

4. Homo Conexus You are the most connected generation in history
You practice continuous computing
You are surrounded by a personal, movable information network
Your personal information network is created by constant cooperation between:
the digital devices you carry;
the wired and wireless networks that you access as you move about;
Web-based tools for finding information and communicating and collaborating with other people.
You can pull information from the Web and push your ideas back to the Web.

5. 1.1 Business Processes Business Process Business Process Management
A business process is a collection of related activities that produce a product
or a service of value to the organization, its business partners, and/or its customers.
Business process management is a management technique that includes methods and
tools to support the design, analysis, implementation, management, and optimization
of business processes.

6. Example of Business Process (Figure 1.1)
The next slide shows an example of a business process: Ordering an E-ticket from an airline Web site

7. Frequent Flyer Mileage Sufficient?
Receive Ticket Order
Traveler
Airline Web Site
Seats Available NO
Notify Traveler
Plan Trip
YES
Reserve Seats
Check Flights NO
Frequent Flyer Mileage Sufficient?
Use Credit Card? NO
Seats Available? NO
YES
YES
Charge Credit Card
YES
Subtract Mileage
Submit Ticket Order
Charge OK? NO
Notify Traveler
Receive e-Ticket
YES
Confirm Flight(s)
Issue e-Ticket

8. 1.2 Information Systems: Concepts and Definitions
Data Item Information Knowledge
Data Item. Elementary description of things, events, activities and transactions that are recorded, classified and stored but are not organized to convey any specific meaning.
Information. Data organized so that they have meaning and value to the recipient.
Knowledge. Data and/or information organized and processed to convey understanding, experience, accumulated learning and expertise as they apply to a current problem or activity.

9. Information Systems: Concepts and Definitions (continued)
Information Technology Architecture
Information Technology Infrastructure
Information Technology Architecture. A high-level map or plan of the information assets in an organization, which guides current operations and is a blueprint for future directions.
Information Technology Infrastructure. The physical facilities, IT components, IT services and IT management that support an entire organization.

10. IT Architecture of Online Travel Agency

11. IT Components, IT Platform, IT Services, and IT Infrastructure
IT components consist of hardware, software, telecommunications and networks, and wireless communications.
IT services consist of data management, managing security and risk, and systems development.
IT personnel use IT components to produce IT services.
IT components are basically synonymous with the IT platform.
IT infrastructure consists of IT components, IT personnel, and IT services.

12. 1.3 The Global, Web-Based Platform
Best represented by the Internet and the World Wide Web
Enables us to connect, compute, communicate, collaborate, and compete everywhere and anytime
Operates without regard to geography, time, distance, and language

13. The Great Convergence
We are in a convergence of three powerful, technological forces: (1) Cheap and ubiquitous computing devices (2) Low-cost, high bandwidth (3) Open standards

14. The Great Convergence (continued)
In essence, we have computing everywhere and anywhere, anytime and all the time, with access to limitless amounts of information, services, and entertainment.

15. The Great Convergence (continued)
We have the creation of a global, Web- enabled playing field that allows for multiple forms of collaboration – the sharing of knowledge and work – in real time, without regard to geography, distance, or, in the near future, even language. The field now includes some 3 billion new people, formerly digitally disenfranchised.

16. And the result of all this?
See the Power of Technology
This is the latest video in the “Did You Know” series.

17. 1.4 Business Pressures, Organizational Responses, and IT Support
Market Pressures
Technology Pressures
Societal Pressures
Business Pressure - The business environment is the combination of social, legal, economic, physical, and political factors that affect business activities.
Significant changes in any of these factor are likely to create business pressure on the organization.
The three types of business pressures faced are: market, technology, and societal pressures.

18. Business Pressures, Organizational Responses, and IT Support

19. Technology Pressures Technological Innovation and Obsolescence
Information Overload

20. Societal Pressures Social Responsibility
Government Regulation and Deregulation
Protection Against Terrorist Attacks
Ethical Issues

21. Organizational Responses
Strategic Systems
Customer Focus
Make-to-Order and mass customization
See Reebok
See Bodymetrics video
E-business and E-commerce
Strategic Systems provide advantages that enable organizations to increase market share and/or profits, to better negotiate with suppliers, or prevent competitors from entering their markets.
Customer Focus is the difference between attracting and keeping customers by providing superb customer service to losing them to competitors.
Make-to-Order is a strategy of producing customized products and services.
Mass Customization is producing a large quantity of items, but customizing them to fit the desire of each customer.
Reebok and Bodymetrics provide excellent examples of mass customization.
E-business and E-commerce: Buying and selling products and services electronically.
E-business is a broader concept than e-commerce.

22. 1.5 Why Are Information Systems Important to You?
Information systems and information technologies are integral to your lives
Information systems offer career opportunities
Information systems are used by all functional areas in an organization

23. Misinformation about Information Systems Career Opportunities
Myth #1: There are no computing jobs.
Myth #2: There will be no IT jobs when I graduate.
Myth #3: All IT-related jobs are moving offshore.
Myth #4: IT salaries are lower due to cheap overseas labor.

24. 1.6 The Plan of This Book
The major objective of this book is to help you understand the roles of information technologies in today’s digital organizations.
The book is designed to help you think strategically about information systems
The book demonstrates how IT supports all of the functional areas of the organization
Each chapter introduces a major topic in Information Technology