1. Animal Evolution & Diversity
Chapter 26

2. Nonchordate Invertebrates
Sponges
Cnidarians
Phyla- Porifera (have pores)
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
No cell walls
Few specialized cells
Clade- Meazoa
Phyla- Cnidaria
Include: Jellyfishes, sea fans, sea anemones, hydras, corals
carnivores
Radial symmetry
Stinging tenticles

3. Nonchordate Invertebrates
Arthropods
Nematodes (roundworms)
Phylum- Arthropoda (joint feet)
Includes: spiders; centipedes; insects; and crustaceans (crabs)
Segmented body
Exoskeleton
Cephalization
Jointed appendages
Phylum- Nematoda
Include: nematodes, roundworms, unsegmented worms (pseudocoeloms)
Specialized tissues, organ systems

4. Nonchordate Invertebrates
Flatworms
Annelids
Phylum- Platyhelminthes
Soft
Unsegmented
Flattened worms
Have tissues and internal organ systems
Bilateral symmetry
cephalization
Phylum- Annelida
Includes: earthworms, marine worms, parasites, bloodsucking leeches
Segmented
True coelom

5. Nonchordate Invertebrates
Mollusks
Echinoderms
Phylum- Mollusca
Includes: snail, slugs, clams, squids, octopus
Soft-bodied
Internal or external shell
True coeloms
Complex organs
Produce larvae
Phylum- Echinodermata
Includes: sea stars, urchins, and san dollars
Spiny skin
Internal skeleton
Water vascular system
Five-part radial symmetry

6. Chordates
26.2

7. Reptiles Evolved from ancient amphibians
First to evolve to dry conditions
Have dry, scaly skin
Well-developed lungs
Strong limbs
Shelled eggs that do NOT develop in water
Four groups of reptiles: lizards, snakes, crocodilians, turtles and tortoises, and tuatara
Related to dinosours

8. Amphibians Live in water as larva, and land as adults Vertebrates
Require water for reproduction
Have lungs (adults)
Moist skin (mucus glands)
No scales or claws

9. Bony Fish Have skeletons
Two groups of bony fish : Ray-finned and Lobe- Finned
Ray-finned
Lobe-finned
Internal skeleton
Paired fins
Scales
Gills
Example: eels, goldfish, and catfish
Fleshy fins
Include: lungfish and coelacants
Tetrapods are four-limbed vertebrates

10. Birds
Considered reptiles that regulate their internal body temperature.
Have feathers
Two legs
Lightweight bones
Front limbs are wings

11. Jawless fish No jaws or teeth Skeletons are made of cartilage
Include: lampreys and hagfishes
Lack vertebra
Have notochord

12. Mammals Mammary glands (produce milk) Hair Breathe air
Four-chambered heart
Maintain homeostasis (regulation of body temperature)

13. Primate Evolution
26.3

14. What is a Primate?
A mammal that has relatively long fingers and toes with nails instead of claw
Arms can rotate around the shoulder joints
Strong clavicle
Binocular vision (combine images from both eyes, providing 3D views )
Well-developed cerebrum
(“thinking” part of the brain
allows complex behaviors)

15. Hominie Evolution
Homonoids (include orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzee, and humans)
Hominines (hominoids that led to humans)
Skull, neck, spinal column, hip bones, and leg bones of early hominine species changed shape in ways that enabled later species to walk upright (BIPEDAL)
Hand evolved an OPPOSABLE THUMB that can touch the tips of the fingers (enables grasping)
Evolved larger brains