1. Chapter 12: Human Population
By Ali Hartzoge

2. What factors affect human population?
Fertility rates
Growth rates
Population distribution
Demographic transition
Doubling times
Past population sizes

3. Three surges of human population
Use of tools and fire
Agricultural revolution
Medical and industrial revolution
Impact of a population on natural resources
Population size, density, and technological development affect the impact a population has on its resources. The higher the size and density=the more demand there is for resources.

4. Factors affecting human population size
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)= #births/1000 people
Crude Death Rate (CDR)= #deaths/1000 people
-Current world population growth rate is 1.2%
Largest populations
1.China-1,354,040,000
2.India-1,210,193,422
3.United States-315,755,000

5. Calculating population change
Population change=(births+immigration)-(death+emigration)
Zero population growth (ZPG)- when the # of people added to a population from births and immigration equals the # of people taken away from death and immigration
ZPG= birthrate-death rate

6. Social factors influencing population growth
Role of men/women-
-in male dominated societies, women’s role in society is to marry and raise the children. This traditional society lacks educational opportunities for women and this increases the TFR.
Higher levels of education=lower fertility rates
Early marriages promote high fertility rates

7. Social Factors cont.
In more developed countries, the cost of having children is higher, which means lower fertility rates. (economic burden)
Urbanization- less need for child labor, more family planning. In LDCs, labor is needed so children are economic gain.
Culture- religious beliefs and traditions in certain regions create standards for # of children.
If there are high infant mortality rates, the family will have more children in order to make sure enough survive.

8. Factors influencing population growth- Fertility rate
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)- the number of children a woman has during her child-bearing years.
-Niger has the highest TFR at 7.46%
-USA is at 2.41% & world average is 2.59%
Replacement Level Fertility- the fertility rate needed for a population to replace itself. Average is 2.1 per couple

9. Political factors influencing population growth
Government regulation of fertility rates
-china’s one child policy
-family planning
-abortion
-free birth control
-funded maternity leave
- Free childcare facilities

10. Measuring standard of living
Infant mortality rate
Health conditions
Literacy rate
Economic well-being
Inverse between a countries growth and standard of living

11. Hardships of developing countries
Cannot afford birth control
Need jobs
Little access to health care
Poor education
Overpopulation due to high infant mortality rate

12. Demographic transition model
Demographic transition model- model that shows population growth based on four stages.
1. High CBR & CDR low population
2. CDR lowers, population grows, agricultural rev. has occurred
3. CDR & CBR lowers, population rises
4. Stable, low CDR & CBR, low population growth.

13. Age structure diagrams
A diagram that displays the death and birth rate, sex ratio, and generation time.

14. Human population: resource use and habitat destruction
Net primary productivity (NPP)- total amount of energy of a unit of interest.
Ex. Amount of carbon taken up by a plant after taking away plant respiration from the gross primary productivity.
NPP=Gross primary production-respiration
Humans have caused a 12% decline in NPP because of deforestation.

15. Calculations- rule of 70 & growth rate
Doubling time= 70/growth rate
Example: If a population is growing at an annual rate of 5%, how long will it take for the population to double?
70/5=14 years
Growth rate- birth rate-death rate

16. Review Game What country has the biggest population? A) India B) China
C) Indonesia D) United States
2. As a country goes through the demographic transition, the greatest rate of population growth takes place during which stage?
A) Stage 1 B) Stage 2 C) Stage 3
D) stage 4

17. 3. All of the following are hardships of developing countries except
3. All of the following are hardships of developing countries except? A) overpopulation B) poor education C) low population growth D) no family planning
4. As the population goes up the standard of living..
rises B) lowers C) stays the same D) is unstable
5. Which political factor does not lower population?
A) Family planning B) abortion C) free childcare facilities D) free birth control

18. 6. What is the average U.S. replacement level fertility?
2.1 b)2.5 C) 2.7 D)3.1
7. What would not decrease the likelihood of a couple having a child? A) Location of where they live B) income C) birth control D) need for labor
8) If a population is growing at an annual rate of 2%, how long will it take for the population to double? A) 16 years B) 30 years C) 35 years D) 140 years

19. 9. If the death rate for a country is 6. 5% and the birth rate is 10
9. If the death rate for a country is 6.5% and the birth rate is 10.8%, what is the rate at which the population is growing? A) 4.2% B)4.3% C)1.3% D) 17.3%
10. The most rapid population growth is taking place in developing countries A) True B) False
11. What is the worlds current population growth rate? A) 2.3% B) 1.6% C) 2.4% D) 1.2%
12. Which factor does not create population growth?
A) Little education B) early marriage C) empowering
women D) no access to birth control

20. 13.What could decrease the likelihood of a couple having child?
A) The child is part of the family labor pool.
B) Contraceptives are not available.
C) Women have many opportunities to participate in the work force.
D) Infant mortality rates are high.
14. A pyramid shaped age structured diagram would indicate what? A) high amount of elderly
B) rapid population growth C) developed country D) few children