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Chapter 12: DNA
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12-1 DNA Griffith (1928): In bacteria, disease-causing factor is a gene. Avery (1944): The molecule that stores and transmits hereditary info is DNA.
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12-1 DNA Hershey-Chase (1952): Genetic material of virus is DNA not protein.
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12-1 DNA Chargaff’s rule: A = T and G = C in ALL organisms
Franklin (1952): Used X-rays to determine DNA shape is a helix
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12-1 DNA Watson & Crick (1953): Shape of DNA is double helix, which means two strands wound around each other.
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12-1 DNA Chargaff’s rule: A = T and G = C in ALL organisms
Adenine bonds with Thymine Guanine bonds with Cytosine
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Nucleotide Structure Pyrimidines (T,C) Purines (A,G)
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Nucleotide Structure Draw this nucleotide! Adenine Guanine Cytosine
Base Phosphate Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Deoxyribose Sugar
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12-2 Chromosomes Prokaryotes: one circular molecule
Eukaryotes: many linear molecules
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DNA cytoplasm single circular molecule 1/1000 of eukaryotic nucleus
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes cytoplasm single circular molecule 1/1000 of eukaryotic nucleus multiple linear molecules chromo-somes same molecule contains genetic info
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12-2 Chromosomes
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Histones Nucleosomes Coil Supercoil Chromosome
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Write the complementary sequence below to complete each DNA strand.
DNA Sequences Write the complementary sequence below to complete each DNA strand. Strand 1: 5’-ATCCGATACTTG-3’ 3’-TAGGCTATGAAC-5’ Strand 2: 5’-GCAGGTATCACC-3’ 3’-CGTCCATAGTGG-5’ Strand 3: 5’-TTCAAGCTAGAT-3’
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DNA Videos The Structure of DNA
The Most Awesome Science Video of DNA Ever Made Cracking the Code of Life (Part 1)
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The Chemical Structure of DNA
DNA Videos The Chemical Structure of DNA Open University Part 1 Part 2 Part 3
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14. Brain & skin cells? If the DNA in all cells is the same, how are there different types of cells? Cells have the ability to turn off most genes and use only the genes specific to their function.
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15. “Blueprint of Life”? DNA is the set of instructions that tells cells how to build an organism. Just like a blueprint tells how to build a house!
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Gattaca
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Gattaca Questions Choose one question below and write a paragraph (4-6 sentences) in response. Would you rather live in Gattaca’s society or today’s? Why? Why do you think the real Jerome killed himself at the end? Whose life was harder: Vincent’s or Jerome’s? Why?
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DNA Replication Replication: DNA is copied
Occurs before mitosis and meiosis First, DNA strand unzips
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DNA Replication New nucleotides are added to each side
Semi-conservative: Each new DNA strand is half old and half new
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DNA Replication Ex: ATCCGTAGGTCA ATC-CGT-AGG-TCA
Codon: a group of 3 nucleotides Ex: ATCCGTAGGTCA is actually ATC-CGT-AGG-TCA
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DNA Replication Re-write this sequence of DNA in codons. GCTAACTGTCCA
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GCTAACTGTCCA GCT-AAC-TGT-CCA DNA Replication
Re-write this sequence of DNA in codons. GCTAACTGTCCA GCT-AAC-TGT-CCA
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DNA Polymerase: enzyme that adds nucleotides
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Replication Videos DNA Replication
The Most Awesome Science Video of DNA Ever Made
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Replicate this! GTA-CCT-GAG CAT-GGA-CTC
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Replicate this! GTA-CCT-GAG CAT-GGA-CTC
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Replicate this! GTA-CCT-GAG CAT… GTA… CAT-GGA-CTC
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Replicate this! GTA-CCT-GAG CAT-GGA-CTC
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Replicate this! New strand is complementary to old strand.
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Your turn… AAG-TGC-ACT TTC-ACG-TGA
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Your turn… AAG-TGC-ACT TTC-ACG-TGA
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DNA Replication
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DNA Replication Prokaryotic DNA
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DNA Replication Eukaryotic DNA
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DNA Replication DNA polymerase: enzyme that replicates DNA
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goes in both directions results in 2 identical strands
DNA Replication Prokaryotes Eukaryotes cytoplasm begins at one point nucleus begins in 100s of places at once goes in both directions results in 2 identical strands uses DNA polymerase
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DNA Structure
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Do you remember DNA? The full name of DNA is _____________ ______.
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Do you remember DNA? The full name of DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid.
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Do you remember DNA? The structure of DNA is called a ______ ______.
This means __________ _____________________
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Do you remember DNA? The structure of DNA is called a double helix.
This means it has two strands connected like a ladder that is twisted.
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Do you remember DNA? The double helix was discovered by
________ & ________.
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Do you remember DNA? The double helix was discovered by
James Watson & Francis Crick.
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Do you remember DNA? The Base Pair Rule was discovered by
_______ __________.
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Do you remember DNA? The Base Pair Rule was discovered by
Erwin Chargaff.
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Do you remember DNA? The enzyme that replicates a strand of DNA is called ______ ______________.
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Do you remember DNA? The enzyme that replicates a strand of DNA is called DNA polymerase.
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DNA – The Double Helix Deoxyribonucleic acid
Gene: a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein In the nucleus Mitochondria & chloroplasts James Watson & Francis Crick Double helix Alternating sugar and phosphate molecules
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DNA – The Double Helix 4 types of nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine) Deoxyribose Ribose A bonds with T; G bonds with C Adenine & guanine Nucleotides At the ribosomes, in the cytoplasm
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