1. Heritability
h2 = VA/Vp
Proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to
variation in breeding values.
Expresses the extent to which genes are transmitted
from parents to offspring

2. Detecting the genetic component of phenotypic variation
Resemblance between parents and offspring indicates degree to which a trait is inherited
Drosophila wing length
offspring (O)
bOP
parental average (P)
heritability (narrow sense):
h2 = VA VP
h2 =
bOP
Fraction of variation in parents that
is explained by variation in their genes (VA).
• heritability can also be estimated with offspring–midparent regression

3. Bill depth
in the
Ground Finch
1976
h2 = 0.9
1978

4. Heritability is often
measured in the lab;
estimates are higher
than would be
expected in nature.
Almost all characteristics
in almost all species are
genetically variable to
some extent.

5. Detecting the genetic component of phenotypic variation
Genetically variable characters can be altered by selection.
The response to selection is proportional to the amount of
genetic variation in the character.

6. Truncation Selection Breed only these 16% 68% 14% 14%
Standard deviation
units
S = selection differential

7. Response to selection when bOP = 1
selected
nonselected
16% > 1
Note standard deviation ( = 2 cm

8. Response to selection for a less variable population
Note standard deviation ( = 1 cm

9. Response to selection when when bOP < 1

10. Response to selection under a more intense selection program
2% > 2

11. Summary of Graphs
Response of a quantitative trait to selection depends on:
the relationship between fitness and phenotype
the phenotypic variance
the degree to which the trait is heritable
R = h2 S

12. Selection on polygenic characters
How do selection response
and heritability change over
time?
R = h2S
generation h2 (low line) 1–
10–
26–
53–
• Long-term selection may
eventually exhaust standing
additive genetic variation
• Continued response depends on mutational input

13. Response to Selection for Increased Bristle #
316% increase in phenotype !

15. Relationship among heritability, R, and S