1. Chapter 11: The Endocrine System Dr Glotfelty
Medical Terminology
Chapter 11: The Endocrine System
Dr Glotfelty

2. Endocrine System Combining Forms
acr/o – extremities
adren/o, adrenal/o – adrenal glands
andr/o – male
calc/o – calcium
crin/o – to secrete
estr/o – female
gluc/o, glyc/o, glycos/o – sugar
gonad/o – sex glands
home/o – sameness
kal/i – potassium
ket/o – ketones
mineral/o – minerals, electrolytes

3. Endocrine System Combining Forms
natr/o – sodium
ophthalm/o – eye
ovari/o – ovary
pancreat/o – pancreas
parathyroid/o – parathyroid gland
pineal/o – pineal gland
pituitar/o – pituitary gland
testicul/o – testes
thym/o – thymus
thyr/o, thyroid/o – thyroid gland
toxic/o – poison

4. Endocrine System Suffixes
–crine to secrete
–dipsia thirst
–prandial relating to a meal
–tropin to stimulate

5. Signs and Symptoms Edema: swelling Exophthalmos: protruding eyeballs
Glycosuria: sugar in urine
Gynecomastia: female breast development in men
Hirsutism: excessive hair growth
Obesity: overweight (excessive body fat)
Syndrome: combination of sign and symptoms

6. Figure 11. 11 A photograph of a woman with exophthalmos
Figure A photograph of a woman with exophthalmos. This condition is associated with hypersecretion of the thyroid gland. (Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.)

7. Pancreas Pathology Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
diabetes mellitus (DM)
Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
Results in hyperglycemia and glycosuria
Two very distinct types:
- insulin-dependent
- non-insulin-dependent

8. Acromegaly: chronic hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults; causes enlargement of bones of head and extremities
Dwarfism: hyposecretion of growth hormone in children; causes short stature
Gigantism: hypersecretion of growth hormone in child; results in very tall adult

9. Figure illustrating the enlarged skull, jaw, and hands typical Acromegaly. Photo of a woman of acromegaly.

10. Thyroid Gland Pathology
goiter
enlarged thyroid gland

11. Figure 11.14 Goiter. A photograph of a male with an extreme goiter or enlarged thyroid gland.

12. Endocrine System Abbreviations
DM: Diabetes Mellitus
FBS: Fasting Blood Sugar
FSH: follicle stimulating hormone
IDDM: insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
NIDDM: non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
K+: potassium
Na+: sodium
TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone

13. The Endocrine System
Collection of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
Target Organs: organs that
hormones work on
Hormones: chemicals
Homeostasis: stable, balance
Gland Types
Exocrine: into ducts
Endocrine: into blood
Endocrine System consists of 2 adrenal glands, 2 ovaries, 4 parathyroid glands, the pancreas, the pineal gland, the pituitary gland, 2 testes, the thymus gland and the thyroid gland

14. The Endocrine System
Table 11.1 pages

15. Figure 11.1 The adrenal glands.

16. Adrenal Cortex Hormones are referred to as corticosteroids
Secreted by adrenal cortex
Steroid hormones
Three different families of corticosteroids
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Steroid sex hormones

17. Adrenal Cortex Mineralocorticoid Glucocorticoid Example: aldosterone
Regulates sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) levels
Glucocorticoid
Example: cortisol
Regulates carbohydrates

18. Adrenal Cortex Steroid sex hormones
Androgens, estrogen, and progesterone
Regulate secondary sexual characteristics

19. Adrenal Medulla Inner portion Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
Epinephrine is also called adrenaline
Critical during emergency situations
Increases blood pressure
Increases heart rate
Increases respiration rate

20. Ovaries Two ovaries located in pelvic cavity of females
Secrete female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone
Estrogen is responsible for:
Female sexual characteristics
Regulation of menstrual cycle

21. Ovaries
Progesterone
Maintains suitable uterine environment for pregnancy

22. Figure 11.2 The ovaries.

23. Testes Two oval glands located in scrotum
Secrete male sex hormone, testosterone
Testosterone
Produces male secondary sexual characteristics
Regulates sperm production

24. Figure 11.8 The testes.

25. Pancreas Located along lower curvature of stomach
Only organ that has both endocrine and exocrine functions

26. Pancreas Insulin Produced by beta cells
Stimulates cells of body to take in glucose from bloodstream
Lowers blood sugar level
Occurs after eating a meal and absorbing carbohydrates

27. Pancreas Glucagon Produced by alpha cells
Stimulates liver to release stored glucose into bloodstream
Raises blood sugar levels
Occurs when body needs more glucose

28. Parathyroid Glands Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Regulates level of calcium in bloodstream
If calcium levels in blood fall too low:
Parathyroid hormone levels in the blood increase
Stimulate bone breakdown
Releasing more calcium into bloodstream

29. Figure 11.4 The parathyroid glands.

30. Pineal Gland Small pine cone- shaped gland
Part of thalamus region of brain

31. Pineal Gland Secretes melatonin
Not well understood, but plays a role in regulating body’s circadian rhythm
24-hour clock that governs periods of wakefulness and sleepiness

32. Pituitary Gland Small marble-shaped gland Located underneath brain
Divided into anterior and posterior lobes
Regulated by hypothalamus

33. Anterior Pituitary Referred to as “master gland”
Secretes hormones that regulate other endocrine glands
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Regulates function of thyroid gland
Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
Regulates function of adrenal cortex

34. Anterior Pituitary Gonadotropins FSH
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
FSH
Responsible for development of ova and sperm
Also stimulates ovary to secrete estrogen

35. Anterior Pituitary LH Stimulates secretion of sex hormones
Plays a role in releasing ova in females

36. Anterior Pituitary Growth hormone (GH) Prolactin (PRL)
Also called somatotropin
Stimulates cells to grow and divide
Prolactin (PRL)
Stimulates milk production in breast
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin

37. Figure 11.7 The different hormones and target tissues for the anterior pituitary.

38. Posterior Pituitary Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Oxytocin
Also called vasopressin
Promotes water reabsorption by the kidney tubules
Oxytocin
Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery
After birth stimulates release of milk from breast

39. Thymus Gland Located in mediastinum Part of immune system
Also endocrine gland
Secretes thymosin

40. Thymus Gland
Thymosin
Essential for growth and development of thymic lymphocytes or T cells
Critical part of body’s immune system
Present at birth and grows to largest size during puberty
At puberty begins to shrink and eventually is replaced with connective and adipose tissue

41. Figure 11.9 The thymus gland.

42. Thyroid Gland Located on either side of trachea
Resembles a butterfly in shape
Divided into right and left lobes

43. Thyroid Gland Thyroid hormones Needs iodine to make hormones
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Needs iodine to make hormones
These hormones:
Regulate energy production
Adjust metabolic rate

44. Thyroid Gland Also secretes calcitonin
Regulates level of calcium in bloodstream
If calcium levels in blood rise too high:
Calcitonin levels in blood increase
Increases deposition of calcium into bone
Lowers levels of calcium in bloodstream

45. Thyroid Gland
Its action is opposite of parathyroid hormone

46. Figure 11.10 The thyroid gland is divided into a left and right lobe.

47. Medical Specialties
endocrinology
Branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of endocrine glands. Physician is an endocrinologist.

48. Combining Forms Match Up
acr/o
estr/o
kal/i
natr/o
toxic/o
extremities
female
sodium
potassium
poison