1. Reflection of light
Albedo=reflected flux / incident flux

2. Refraction of light

3. Refraction of light

4. Color dispersion

5. Polarization

6. Diffraction

7. Intensity Intensity is inversely proportional to distance square.
I ~ 1/D2

8. Dual nature of light: wave-particle photons

9. Nature of waves

10. Line radiation
Atomic lines
Molecular lines

11. Energy level of atoms

12. Atomic structure of hydrogen

13. Doppler effect Change in wavelength radial velocity
Original wavelength speed of light

14. Continuum radiation

15. Blackbody radiation

16. Absorption and emission
Dark lines:
absorption
Bright lines:
emission
Spectrum of Mars

17. Refracting telescopes

18. Reflecting telescopes

19. Light paths & telescope mount

20. Resolution Needs large telescopes Differation limit
=2.5 x 105 wavelength/telescope diameter

21. Seeing & adaptive optics
Neptune

22. interferometer

23. Transit

24. Color magnitude

25. spectrograph Information: temperature, composition, density, spin,
gravity
Sun

26. Space telescopes

27. Space exploration

28. Spacecrafts