1. EW112310H-0 1 Hydrometeorological, Entomological and Epidemiological Time Markers for Urban Malaria in Niamey, Niger Earle Williams Session H36: The Hydroclimatic Basis for Tropical Ecosystem Services American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting December 13-17, 2010

2. EW112310H-0 2 CERMES (Niamey, Niger) Thierry Fandeur and Rabiou Labbo Institut Pasteur (Paris, France) Jean-Bernard Duchemin Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (Guadeloupe, France) Nathalie Nathou AGRYMET (Niamey, Niger) Abdou Ali and Adamou Mahamadou DMN (Niamey, Niger) Ousmane Allahi Daoura and Gaptia Lawan Katiellou PNLP (Niamey, Niger) Salissou Adamou and Abami Maazou SPIS (Niamey, Niger) Moussa Barké Great Basin Unified Air Pollution Control District (Bishop, CA) Brian Russell Collaborators

3. EW112310H-0 3 Working Hypothesis: Hydrometeorological aspect: The onset of sustained standing water is abrupt and synchronous Entomological aspect: The onset of the mosquito population is abrupt and synchronous Epidemiological aspect: The onset of malaria cases is abrupt and synchronous The Nature of Malaria Development in Niamey, Niger

4. EW112310H-0 4 Time Line for Malaria Development

5. EW112310H-0 5 Map of Niamey, Niger Showing Locations of Public Clinics

6. EW112310H-0 6 Abrupt and Synchronous Increase in Malaria Cases t Malaria

7. EW112310H-0 7 Evolution of Standing Water in One Niamey Street t Water

8. EW112310H-0 8 Standing Water in Niamey, Niger (Rue Dallols)

9. EW112310H-0 9 Climatology of Surface Relative Humidity Over Oceans from Peixoto and Oort (1996) 80% is a common value At night, a land surface with standing water behaves like the ocean

10. EW112310H-0 10 Daily Maximum Relative Humidity For 2004-2009 (Agrhymet Station, Niamey)

11. EW112310H-0 11 Daily Max and Min Relative Humidity For 2005 (Agrhymet Station, Niamey) t Water

12. EW112310H-0 12 Time Markers ( t Water, t Malaria ) for Seven Seasons Year 80% RH 80% RH District I District II District III Difference (days) (DMN) (AGRHYMET) t Malaria - t Water 2004 July 7 June 30 Aug 8 Aug 8 Aug 8 32, 39 2005 June 30 June25 Jul 24 Jul 24 Jul 24 25, 29 2006 July 15 July 9 Aug 6 Aug 6 Aug 6 21, 28 2007 July 22 July 22 Aug 21 Aug 21 Aug 21 28, 28 2008 June 25 June 25 Jul 27 Jul 27 Jul 20 25, 32 2009 July 27 July 27 Aug 15 Aug 15 Aug 15 20, 34 2010 July 28 July 30 Boukoki clinic max cases on Sept 236, 34

13. EW112310H-0 13 Abrupt and Synchronous Increases in Mosquito Counts Light Trap Measurements

14. EW112310H-0 14 Evolution of Hydrometeorology and Mosquitoes 2010 Wet Season t Water t Mosquito t Malaria

15. EW112310H-0 15 Value of Time Markers

16. EW112310H-0 16 Consistent time markers have been identified in the development of urban malaria in Niamey, Niger Greater integration of expertise in hydrometeorology, entomology and epidemiology are needed to combat this disease Conclusion

17. EW112310H-0 17 Annual Deaths Due to Malaria Versus Annual Rainfall Total in Niamey, Niger

18. EW112310H-0 18 Standing Water in Niamey, Niger

19. EW112310H-0 19 Standing Water in Niamey, Niger

20. EW112310H-0 20 Abrupt and Synchronous Increase in Malaria Cases

21. EW112310H-0 21 Evidence for Abrupt Increases in Mosquito Populations

22. EW112310H-0 22 Flooding in Taladje Quartier Due to a Blocked Drain

23. EW112310H-0 23 Aircraft Surveillance of Boukoki Gouro