1. Biochemistry, Cells & Cell Processes
AIR Review
Biochemistry, Cells & Cell Processes

2. What you need to know about…
Biochemistry
1. The key element of all living things is: C
2. Organic molecules are carbon based compounds.

3. Long term energy storage Store & transmit heredity info
4 Main organic molecules for all living organisms are:
Carbon
Compounds
include
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Examples are
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats, oils, waxes
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
In order to respiration, reproduce, grow, etc. Organisms need to make these organic molecules.
Functions are
Waterproofing,
Insulation,
Long term energy storage
Build tissue & muscles
Protein channels
Store & transmit heredity info
Energy!

4. Enzymes
Proteins that speed up chem reactions
Have a specific shape

5. Denature - when an enzyme has a shape change and cannot function anymore

6. Factors that Affect Enzymes & Graphs
Temperature pH

7. Amount of substrate
Amount of enzymes

8. CELLS
The Cell Theory:
- Cells are the basic unit of structure & function of all living things
- All living things are made of cells
- Cells come from pre-existing cells
Viruses are NOT considered cells.
(they cannot reproduce on their own)

9. Prokaryotic Cell No nucleus No Membrane bound organelles
Binary Fission
No nucleus
No Membrane bound organelles
Simple & small
Only bacteria!

10. Eukaryotic Cells Have Nuclei Have Membrane bound organelles
More complex
Larger

11. 🖝 Cell parts: structure & function
nucleus
chromosomes
mitochondria
cell membrane
cell wall
chloroplast
cilia
flagella
ribosomes
Phospholipid bilayer; thin, flexible; controls what goes in/out
Large, controls the activities
c) Bean shaped; site of cell respiration = makes energy
d) Tiny hairlike structures used for movement
e) tough, rigid layer around cell memb.;
f) Whiplike; used for movement
g) Tiny round particles of RNA & protein; site of protein synthesis
h) genetic info
i) Green chlorophyll; site of photosynthesis

12. Animal vs Plant Cells Plants have a cell wall Plants have chloroplast
Animals have lysosomes & centrioles
Plant cells have a large central vacuole

13. Comparison of Plant, Animal and Prokaryote Cells
Animal Plant Prokaryote
Membrane-Bound Organelles?
Nucleus?
Centrioles?
Cell membrane?
Cell Wall?
Chloroplasts?
Lysosomes?
Ribosomes?

14. Check Point…

15. Cell Transport
Passive
Active

16. Diffusion is PASSIVE
High concentration to Low concentration

17. Facilitated Diffusion
Large molecules have to go through a protein channel

18. Osmosis – diffusion of water
Water moving from
High concentration to Low concentration

19. 3 types of solutions for a cell environment
Cells depend on proper H2O balance
3 types of solutions for a cell environment
Hypertonic solution – amt. of solute is greater outside the cell = less H2O outside
Hypotonic solution – amt of solute is less outside the cell = greater H2O
Isotonic solution – amt of solute is = to the amt of water

20. hypertonic

21. ACTIVE TRANSPORT: Protein Pumps
Substances moving from
Low concentration to High concentration

22. Practice AIR test question

25. An osmosis AIR question
A red blood cell is placed in an aqueous solution. The red blood cell has a lower concentration of protein and sugar than the aqueous solution, as show in the diagram. In the diagram, the volume of the cell is equal to the volume outside the cell.

26. Look at all the solute on the outside.
Is this isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic solution the cell is in?
Remember, water moves TOWARDS solutes!

27. Cell Energy

28. How Cells obtain Energy
ATP!
photosynthesis
chloroplasts
Light energy
6CO H2O C6H12O O2
glucose
cell respiration
mitochondria
C6H12O6 + 6O CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
fermentation (anaerobic respiration)

29. Cell energy – continued -
aerobic cell respiration
ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

30. Fermentation: anaerobic respiration
No oxygen needed; performed by yeast & some bacteria
ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water
Alcohol!
1) Alcoholic fermentation
(yeast)
2) Lactic acid fermentation

31. Cell reproduction & division
Prokaryotes divide by binary fission
Daughter cells are identical.

32. Mitosis vs. Meiosis Mitosis Meiosis 2 Identical daughter cells made
Creates new body cells (somatic cells)
Produces diploid cells
Meiosis
4 genetically different daughter cells made
Creates egg and sperm
Produces haploid cells

33. 2 Types of Cell division: Mitosis & Meiosis
Mitosis produces body cells; Meiosis produces gametes
Mitosis produces genetically identical cells while meiosis produces variation
Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells while meiosis produces 4
Mitosis produces cells that are diploid (2n) while meiosis produces cells that are haploid
Diploid (2N) = 2 sets of chromosomes
Haploid (N) = 1 set of chromosomes

34. Crossing Over – happens in Meiosis only
Homologous chromosomes exchange parts of their DNA
Creates variation in gametes – increases chances of survival

35. Egg + Sperm = Zygote A zygote divides by MITOSIS
Stem cell – an undifferentiated cell (has not yet specialized)

36. All cells from same organism have same DNA… just certain genes are expressed (turned on/off)

37. In multicellular organisms, cells differentiate to become specialized

39. AIR Practice Question:
Students in a bio class conduct an experiment to determine the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis in a plant. They place an Elodea plant into a test tube filled with water. Then, the students place the test tube under a light and slowly increase the temp of the water. They record their results and display them on a graph.

40. AIR Practice Question

41. AIR Practice Question

43. When a piece of liver is dropped into hydrogen peroxide, the peroxide bubbles vigorously as the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposes into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). However, if the liver is cooked first, the reaction fails to occur. The reason for this is
heating kills the germs that cause the bubbling
heating removes the water and oxygen from the liver
heating denatures the enzyme in liver that breaks down hydrogen peroxide
reactions take place faster at lower temperatures

45. If enzyme C is functioning at 25oC and a pH of 7, under which condition would the rate of enzyme action probably increase?

46. the reaction has come to a stop the enzyme has stopped working
What phenomenon explains the flat area on the graph between points B and C?
the reaction has come to a stop
the enzyme has stopped working
the reaction has run out of substrate
all of the enzyme's active sites are occupied

47. The End!