1. Where Are Ethnicity Distributed?
Ch. 7 Key Issue 1
Where Are Ethnicity Distributed?

2. Ethnicity v. Race
Ethnicity = from the Greek ethnikos, meaning “national”
Ethnicities share a cultural identity with people from the same homeland
Ethnicities have distinctive cultural traits
Race = people who share a biological ancestor; minor genetic differences among people that developed as humans spread around world
People have constructed racial categories to justify power, economic exploitation and cultural oppression

3. Race and Racism Biologically there is only one human race
Where did we get idea that humans fall into different, unchangeable/immutable categories of race?
Societies throughout world have drawn distinctions among peoples based on physical attributes
Skin is easiest to define because it is visible but not an indicator of genetic closeness
European colonialism- considered themselves superior to “others”
Socioeconomic differences can spur racism

5. Do not confuse race or ethnicity with religion
Do not confuse race or ethnicity with religion. All the different aspects of culture we have been discussing are a part of an individual’s identity.

6. US Ethnic Concentrations
Regional Clusters (of US)
Hispanics/Latinos (15%)
SW; most Mexican
African Americans (13%) SE
Asian Americans (4%)
West; most Chinese
American Indians/Alaska Natives (1%)
SW and Plains states

7. Figure 7-3

8. Figure 7-4

9. Figure 7-2

10. Figure 7-1

11. US Ethnic Concentrations
Clustering in Cities/Urban areas (90% total pop)
African Americans
Half of population of Detroit (7% rest MI) and Chicago (1/12th rest IL)
Hispanics
NY City 1/4th (1/14th rest NY)
EL Paso, San Antonio, TX
Los Angeles, CA

12. Race and Ethnicity in the US
Remember: Immigration from Europe shifted from N. Europe to S. Europe in 20th Century
Society redefined what it meant to be “white” so that “olive-colored” skin from Mediterranean was not counted
Sometimes definition of race and ethnicity is blurred (2010 census)
White from Venezuela, Black from Brazil both considered Hispanic
Hispanic “trumped” other identities; better treated as an ethnicity than race
Latino/a vs Hispanic

14. Legacy of European Clustering
Remnants of twentieth-century European migration still evident on the landscape
Example: clustering of restaurants in Little Italy, Greektown
Seen prominantly in the big Midwest cities- jobs in growing industries
When Europeans moved out, Hisp. and Af. Am. (from South) moved in

15. Distribution of Ethnicities in Chicago and Los Angeles (Ethnicities are clustered)
Figure 7-5
Figure 7-6

16. Af Am Migration Patterns
The three migrations shape the current distribution of Af. Ams.
1. Forced Migration from Africa to American colonies (18th Cent.)
Triangle Slave Trade
Less than 5% ended up in US (Southern Plantations), most in Caribbean and Brazil
Emancipation Proc.  sharecropper system: freed slaves remain in south, pays rent to landowner in crops (i.e. he “shares the crops”)
Had to grow cash crops., not what they could eat; increased debts

17. Triangular Slave Pattern
Figure 7-8

18. Af Am Migration Patterns
2. Northern Immigration
Demand for labor decreased in South
Economic pull to North in 2 waves (before and after both World Wars)
Wars increased demand for factory workers in North

19. Figure 7-10

20. Af. Am. Migration Patterns
3. Expansion of the Ghetto
Northern migration  Chain migration into “ghettos”
Tightly packed ghettos eventually expanded into adjacent neighborhoods

21. Review: Differentiating Race and Ethnicity
Race is transmitted genetically, ethnicity is cultural
Cultural characteristics race
African American vs Black
Cultural heritage (ethnicity) vs. color of skin (race)
One could be “black”, but not African American and vice versa.

22. Racism in the US “Separate but Equal” “White Flight”
Plessy v Ferguson  Jim Crow Laws in South
Equal facilities = Equal treatment
Brown v Board of Ed. ended this policy by desegregating schools
“White Flight”
Rather than integrate, whites fled to suburbs fearing the blacks would move in to their neighborhoods Ghettos expanded into now unoccupied neighborhoods
Blockbusting-Buy low from whites, sell high to blacks.

23. Plessy decision allowed Jim Crow Laws to pass in Southern states

24. Division by race in South Africa
(Apart)heid Laws
Created by Boers/Afrikaners minority (Dutch)
Did not want to hand over power to Black Africans
Classifying by race- all had different legal status
Different “homelands” for geographic isolation
Repealed in 1991
Nelson Mandela elected President (1994)

25. FIGURE 7-14

26. Apartheid in South Africa-Look familiar?
FIGURE 7-13
Apartheid in South Africa-Look familiar?

27. FIGURE 7-12