1. Photosynthesis

2. The general equation for photosynthesis is written as…..
CO2 + H2O→C6H12O6 + O2
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

3. Producing Sugars
Organisms that have the ability to produce their own food are called autotrophs.
Making sugars by converting the energy from sunlight into chemical energy in the bonds of glucose is called photosynthesis.
Making sugars from inorganic compounds (NOT sunlight) is called chemosynthesis. This is done by some bacteria.

4. The chloroplast and the pigments
Remember the chloroplast is the cell organelle where photosynthesis occurs.
The chloroplasts contain thylakoid membranes (and stroma).
These membranes trap energy from the sun through their pigments (mainly chlorophyll), which are molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight.

5. Photosynthesis happens in two phases
The light-dependent reactions convert light energy into chemical energy.
2. Molecules of ATP produced in the light-dependent reactions are then used to fuel the light-independent reactions that produce simple sugars.
light independent reaction = Calvin Cycle or Dark Cycle

6. The Chloroplast

8. Chlorophyll is the most common type of pigment, and absorbs most wavelengths of light except…GREEN! This wavelength is reflected.
This is why plants appear green.

9. Light Spectrum

10. Absorbance of Plants

11. What about the fall?
In the fall, because the leaves stop producing chlorophyll,
other pigments become visible.

12. Light Dependent Reactions
When sunlight strikes the chlorophyll molecules of the thylakoid membrane, the energy in the light is transferred to electrons.

14. The Calvin Cycle

15. The Calvin Cycle Other names for the Calvin Cycle include:
The Dark Cycle
Light Independent Reaction

16. Where does it take place?
The Calvin cycle takes place in
the stroma of the chloroplast

19. Cellular Respiration

20. ATP is Adenosine Triphosphate ENERGY!!!!
Respiration Equation
C6H12O6 + O2 H2O + CO2 + ATP
ATP is Adenosine Triphosphate ENERGY!!!!
LOOK FAMILIAR????
H2O + CO2 + ATP  C6H12O6 + O2
Photosynthesis

21. Cellular Respiration
The process by which mitochondria break down food molecules (glucose) to produce ATP (ENERGY)
We breathe so that our cells can get oxygen for the mitochondria to make ATP

22. The Three Stages Are… Glycolysis The citric acid cycle/Krebs Cycle
3. The electron transport chain

23. No oxygen?. Anaerobic Respiration “an” = without Aerobic = oxygen
Fermentation takes place.
Here no ATP is made.
There are two types:
Lactic Acid Fermentation (animals) – lactic acid is formed as an end product (in muscle cells) Ouch!
Alcoholic Fermentation (plants & fungi) – Ethyl Alcohol and carbon dioxide are produced. (yeast cells)

24. Glycolysis (Anaerobic)
“Glyco” = glucose and “lysis” = to break down…
“Glycolysis”= breakdown of sugar!
Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate.
This happens in the cytoplasm of the cell.
2 ATPs are made

25. Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle (aerobic)
Takes place inside the matrix of the mitochondria
ATP is made each turn of the cycle
The CO2 we exhale is a byproduct
Electron carriers (NADH
And FADH2) are also made!

26. Electron Transport Chain (aerobic)
Happens in the cristae (inner membranes of the mitochondria)
Electrons in NADH & FADH2 used to make lots of ATP
O2 bonds with the electrons and the hydrogen ions to make H2O! Water!!!

27. SUMMARY
Glycolysis: anaerobic, in cytoplasm, glucose is broken down, 2 ATPs are made
Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle: aerobic, in matrix, makes ATP and CO2
Electron Transport Chain: aerobic, in cristae, makes ATP and H2O
C6H12O6 + O2 H2O + CO ATPs