1. 26-3 New Approaches to Civil Rights

2. Affirmative Action
Legal discrimination gone, but little improvement in daily lives of African Americans.
Problems – lack of access to good jobs and adequate schooling
Affirmative Action calls for companies and institutions doing business with the federal government to actively recruit African American employees/students/etc.

3. Pros and Cons
Pros - opens opportunities for minorities because so few companies had hired from these groups in the past
Cons – it is reverse discrimination, qualified whites are turned down for jobs, schools, and promotions because certain numbers of positions are reserved for minorities

4. Allan Bakke
1974
Turned down twice for admission to University of California medical school
16 slots were reserved for non-whites, Bakke scored higher than some of these
Sued the school for discrimination

5. University of California Regents v. Bakke
1978
Supreme Court ruled that the university had violated Bakke’s rights
Also said schools could use racial criteria as part of their admission process, but not fixed quotas

6. Busing
A push for better educational opportunities for African Americans in the early ‘70s
Schools in white neighborhoods had better supplies, facilities, and teachers.
To desegregate schools, busing began.
Children were transported to schools outside their neighborhoods to gain racial balance
“White flight” to private schools began

7. PUSH People United to Save Humanity Started by Jesse Jackson in 1971
Worked to register voters, develop African American businesses, and increase educational opportunities

8. Congressional Black Caucus
African American members of Congress
Formed to represent specific legislative concerns of African Americans
Health care
economic development
crime and safety

9. Hispanics By late 1960s over 9 million Hispanics lived in the US
Faced the same prejudice as other immigrant groups
Began to organize their own protest movements

10. United Farm Workers Wanted better working conditions for farm workers
Organized boycott of table grapes
Led by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta

11. La Raza Unida New political party in Texas “the United People”
Started in 1969 by Angel Gutierrez
Wanted job training programs and greater access to financial institutions for Hispanics

12. Bilingualism Promoted by Hispanic students and political leaders
The practice of teaching immigrant students in their own language while they also learned English
Congress passed the Bilingual Education Act in 1968

13. Native Americans Less than 1% of the population of the US in 1970
Began to organize in late ’60s and early ’70s
Grievances
Low income
High unemployment
Discrimination
Limited education
Short life expectancy

14. Declaration of Indian Purpose
67 Native American groups met in Chicago in 1961
Called for policies to create greater economic opportunities on reservations

15. American Indian Movement (AIM)
Militant group that did not want Native Americans to assimilate
Occupied Alcatraz Island (in San Francisco Bay) for 19 months in 1969
Occupied Wounded Knee, SD for 70 days in 1973
Wanted changes in administration of reservations
Wanted US gov’t to honor treaties
Ended violently, clashed with FBI

16. Successes for Native Americans
1968 –Indian Civil Rights Act
Gave residents of reservations protection of the Bill of Rights, still recognized reservation law
1975 – Indian Self-Determination and Education Act
More money for education
More Native Americans involved in policy decisions
Land and water rights victories