1. I. A Brief History of Life II. Classifying Life
The Diversity of Life
I. A Brief History of Life
II. Classifying Life
III. The Prokaryote Domains: Bacteria and Archaea
IV. The Domain Eukarya
D. Plants:
1. Green algal ancestors

2. I. A Brief History of Life II. Classifying Life
The Diversity of Life
I. A Brief History of Life
II. Classifying Life
III. The Prokaryote Domains: Bacteria and Archaea
IV. The Domain Eukarya
D. Plants:
1. Green algal ancestors
Alternation of generation

3. Aquatic Habitats Terrestrial Water available Desiccating
IV. The Domain Eukarya
D. Plants:
1. Green algal ancestors
2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Differences
Aquatic Habitats Terrestrial
Water available Desiccating
Sunlight absorbed Sunlight available
Nutrients at Depth Nutrients available
Buoyant Less Supportive
Low oxygen High O2
CO2 diffuses slowly CO2 diffuses quickly

4. Nutrients (released by decomposition) are available at depth
IV. The Domain Eukarya
D. Plants:
1. Green algal ancestors
2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Differences
Light and oxygen are available at the surface; algae limited by lack of nutrients
Nutrients (released by decomposition) are available at depth

5. IV. The Domain Eukarya Water in soil nutrients in soil
D. Plants:
1. Green algal ancestors
2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Differences
Water in soil
nutrients in soil
Terrestrial environments provide photosynthetic organisms with more light, oxygen, and nutrients, but it is DESICCATING

6. IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 1. Green algal ancestors
2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Differences
3. Plant Evolution – Adapting to Land
‘non-tracheophytes’

7. IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 1. Green algal ancestors
2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Differences
3. Plant Evolution – Adapting to Land
4. “Non-tracheophytes”
a. Groups
i. Liverworts
ii. Hornworts
iii. Mosses

8. IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 1. Green algal ancestors
2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Differences
3. Plant Evolution – Adapting to Land
4. “Non-tracheophytes”
a. Groups
b. Characteristics
lack vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
- inefficient water transport – short
- lack true organs
- some have a cuticle and/or stomates
- dominant gametophyte

9. Liverwort spores from Argentina, 470 mya
IV. The Domain Eukarya
D. Plants:
4. “Non-tracheophytes”
a. Groups
b. Characteristics
c. History
Liverwort spores from Argentina, 470 mya
Rubinstein, et. al Early Middle Ordovician evidence for land plants in Argentina (eastern Gondwana). New Phytologist 188:

10. ALL OTHER PLANTS: TRACHEOPHYTES
IV. The Domain Eukarya
D. Plants:
1. Green algal ancestors
2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Differences
3. Plant Evolution – Adapting to Land
‘non-tracheophytes’
ALL OTHER PLANTS: TRACHEOPHYTES

11. But, not great for gametophytes releasing swimming sperm.
IV. The Domain Eukarya
D. Plants:
4. “Non-tracheophytes”
5. Tracheophytes
a. Characteristics
Dominant Sporophyte
Height is adaptive for plants – gets you out of the shade of other plants.
But, not great for gametophytes releasing swimming sperm.
Great for sporophytes releasing dry spores.

12. Efficient water and nutrient transfer up a tall plant
IV. The Domain Eukarya
D. Plants:
4. “Non-tracheophytes”
5. Tracheophytes
a. Characteristics
Dominant Sporophyte
Vascular Tissue
Efficient water and nutrient transfer up a tall plant
Xylem: water up
Phloem: sugars down

13. IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 4. “Non-tracheophytes”
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes: (one vein per leaf )
ii. Euphyllophytes: (multiple veins per leaf)

14. Selaginella, a “Spikemoss” IV. The Domain Eukarya
D. Plants:
4. Non-tracheophytes
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
groups:
Lycopodium, a “Clubmoss”
Isoetes, a
“quillwort”

15. IV. The Domain Eukarya Basal tracheophytes: - cuticle and stomates
D. Plants:
4. Non-tracheophytes
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes:
characteristics
Basal tracheophytes:
- cuticle and stomates
- dominant sporophyte
- xylem and phloem
- simple ‘leaflets’

16. IV. The Domain Eukarya
D. Plants:
4. Non-tracheophytes
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
evolutionary history:
dominate in Carboniferous
Lepidodendron was a canopy species (100 ft tall, 3ft in diameter) in the Carboniferous Period ( mya); ferns and other Lycophytes were in the understory.

18. IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 4. “Non-tracheophytes”
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes

19. IV. The Domain Eukarya Polypodiales Cyatheales Salvinales Osmundales
D. Plants:
4. “Non-tracheophytes”
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
- Diversity
Polypodiales
Cyatheales
Salvinales
Osmundales
Equisitales
Psilotales
Ophioglossales

20. IV. The Domain Eukarya
D. Plants:
4. “Non-tracheophytes”
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
- Diversity
These primitive groups lack true roots. Ophioglossum, “Adder’s tongue”, is very reduced, producing one 2-part leaf (frond) a year; one part bears spores and the other doesn’t.
Psilotum – a whisk fern – is even more reduced; lacking leaves. The sporangia are borne on short stalks from the stem
Psilotales
Ophioglossales

21. IV. The Domain Eukarya
D. Plants:
4. “Non-tracheophytes”
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
- Diversity
Dimorphic fronds; photosynthetic or spore bearing, like this Cinnamon fern.
Osmundales
“Horsetails” are an ancient group, with fossil representatives growing 30 ft tall. They have reduced leaves and may have whorled branches. Spores born in a strobilus.
Equisitales

22. IV. The Domain Eukarya Polypodiales Cyatheales Salvinales
D. Plants:
4. “Non-tracheophytes”
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
- Diversity
Polypodiales
Cyatheales
Salvinales
The Salvinales are unusual, having adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. These are the “water ferns”. They are also unusual in have two types of spores.

23. IV. The Domain Eukarya Polypodiales Cyatheales Salvinales
D. Plants:
4. “Non-tracheophytes”
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
- Diversity
Polypodiales
Cyatheales
Salvinales
The Cyatheales include the tree ferns – an ancient group considered to be ‘living fossils’. The group also includes some forms that have stems (rhizomes) that grow along the ground, rather than vertically.

24. IV. The Domain Eukarya Polypodiales Cyatheales Salvinales
D. Plants:
4. “Non-tracheophytes”
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
- Diversity
Polypodiales
Cyatheales
Salvinales
The Polypodiales is the largest group of Monilophytes, with 1200 of the 1500 monilophyte species. They are the most advanced group, evolving 100 mya
Photos from:

25. IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 4. “Non-tracheophytes”
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
- Diversity
-Characteristics:
Cuticle and stomates
Dominant sporophyte
Xylem and phloem
TRUE LEAVES

26. - Radiate and Diversify during the Carboniferous, with Lycopodiophytes
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
- Radiate and Diversify during the Carboniferous, with Lycopodiophytes

27. 5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
Sequestration of cellulose (carbon in sediments caused CO2 concentration to drop; oxygen rose as photosynthesis > respiration

28. The unification of Pangaea during the Permian dried the climate
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
The unification of Pangaea during the Permian dried the climate

29. 5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
Giving an edge to organisms that had finally cut ties with aquatic habitats: the gymnosperms and ‘amniotes’