1. Contrast medium-induced nephropathy: The pathophysiology
P.B. Persson, M. Tepel 
Kidney International 
Volume 69, Pages S8-S10 (April 2006)
DOI: /sj.ki
Copyright © 2006 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Mitochondrial function in a proximal tubular cell line is impaired after 24-h treatment of contrast media (CM). Function was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction. (a) The comparison of the effects of various CM on 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction reveal significant differences from one another (P<0.01) in the pioneer study by Hardieck et al.14 The least influence was found by the low-osmolality agents, followed by the iso-osmolality CM (Iodixanol). The ionic substances showed the greatest effect. (b) Heinrich et al.21 discovered no significant differences between the dimers and the low-osmolality monomers. However, ioxithalamate caused a significantly greater reduction in 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide.
Kidney International  , S8-S10DOI: ( /sj.ki )
Copyright © 2006 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
An iso-osmolality and highly viscous dimer, Iotrolan, increases urine viscosity to a considerably greater degree than ionic and monomeric contrast media. With permission from Ueda et al.22
Kidney International  , S8-S10DOI: ( /sj.ki )
Copyright © 2006 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions