1. Early-Life Antibiotic Exposure Causes Intestinal Dysbiosis and Exacerbates Skin and Lung Pathology in Experimental Systemic Sclerosis 
Heena Mehta, Philippe-Olivier Goulet, Shunya Mashiko, Jade Desjardins, Gemma Pérez, Martial Koenig, Jean-Luc Senécal, Marco Constante, Manuela M. Santos, Marika Sarfati 
Journal of Investigative Dermatology 
Volume 137, Issue 11, Pages (November 2017)
DOI: /j.jid
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2. Figure 1
Immunization with TOPOIA DCs induces skin fibrosis associated with upregulated Col1a1, Il13, and Tweakr gene expression. At week 12, relative skin mRNA gene expression in control (no ATB) (TOPOIA DCs) group was examined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR. Data shown are mean ± standard error of the mean, and a pool of at least two experiments. *P < 0.05 by unpaired Student’s t-test with Welch’s correction. ATB, antibiotic; TOPOIA DCs, topoisomerase I peptide-loaded dendritic cells.
Journal of Investigative Dermatology  , DOI: ( /j.jid )
Copyright © 2017 The Authors Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Streptomycin exposure limited to early-life period is sufficient to modify skin gene expression profile. (a) Immunization and streptomycin antibiotic (ATB) exposure schematic, and (b) comparison of relative skin mRNA gene expression by quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR in control (no ATB) and different ATB exposure groups at week 12. Data shown are mean ± standard error of the mean and a pool of at least two experiments. Mean relative expression of each gene of the ATB-treated group was compared with the corresponding gene of control (no ATB) by unpaired Student’s t-test with Welch’s correction. +P < 0.05 and ++P < CFA, complete Freund's adjuvant; TOPOIA DCs, topoisomerase I peptide-loaded dendritic cells.
Journal of Investigative Dermatology  , DOI: ( /j.jid )
Copyright © 2017 The Authors Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
Streptomycin exposure limited to early-life period is sufficient to exacerbate skin pathology. At week 12, (a) representative trichrome (Masson)-stained skin sections from two experiments. EarlyATB group skin immunohistochemistry for (b) αSMA, (c) F4/80, (f) mast cell tryptase, and (g) CD34, and immunofluorescence for (d) IL-13 isotype control and (e) IL-13. Arrows show positively stained areas. (g) Fibrocyte (open arrow) and mast cell (closed arrow). Scale bar = 100 μm, and for insets = 10 μm. ATB, antibiotic; DCs, dendritic cells.
Journal of Investigative Dermatology  , DOI: ( /j.jid )
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5. Figure 4
Streptomycin exposure limited to early life is sufficient to induce long-term intestinal dysbiosis in TOPOIA DCs immunized mice. (a) Chao1 and Shannon diversity indices, and (b) principal coordinate analysis on weighted UniFrac distance matrices show a significant separation only for earlyATB-treated versus control (no ATB) groups. P < 0.05 between earlyATB and control (no ATB) by pairwise-weighted Adonis, (c) ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes phyla. +P < 0.05 by the Mann-Whitney test, relative abundances at (d) family, and (e) species levels. Data shown are a pool of two experiments. For (a) and (e), *, +,§P < 0.05; ++, §§P < 0.01; and +++, §§§P ≤ by analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by multiple comparisons with pairwise t-test or Wilcoxon sign-ranked test. To control for multiple testing, false discovery rate control was done and an adjusted P < 0.05 was considered significant. ATB, antibiotic; TOPOIA DCs, topoisomerase I peptide-loaded dendritic cells.
Journal of Investigative Dermatology  , DOI: ( /j.jid )
Copyright © 2017 The Authors Terms and Conditions

6. Figure 5
Streptomycin exposure in early life aggravates pulmonary fibrosis and alters pulmonary cytokine responses in TOPOIA DCs immunized mice. Pulmonary fibrosis was quantified by hydroxyproline assay at weeks (a) 12 and (c) 10, and (b) representative lung cryosections from two experiments were examined at week 12 for peribronchial (open arrows) and perivascular (closed arrows) collagen and inflammation by trichrome (Masson) stain. Scale bar = 500 μm. At week 10, (d, f) frequencies of ex vivo pulmonary IL-17A+, IL-13+, and IFNγ+ cells, and (e) representative FACS plots of percentages of CD4+ and γδ+ T cells after gating on IL-17A+ cells. Data shown are mean ± standard error of the mean and a pool of at least two experiments. *, +, §P < 0.05; **, ++, §§P < 0.01; and §§§P ≤ by unpaired Student’s t-test with Welch’s correction. ATB, antibiotic; TOPOIA DCs, topoisomerase I peptide-loaded dendritic cells.
Journal of Investigative Dermatology  , DOI: ( /j.jid )
Copyright © 2017 The Authors Terms and Conditions