1. Accounting, Recording and Reporting
Sundar Shrestha
Gobinda Bhandari
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

2. Accounting, Recording and Reporting
Session Outline
Concept
Branches of Accounting
Importance of Accounting
Accounting Information System
Accounting Practices in the World and in the context of Nepal
NPSAS
SUTRA
Reporting
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

3. Accounting, Recording and Reporting
Accounting is a systematic process of identifying, recording, measuring, classifying, verifying, summarizing, interpreting and communicating financial information. It discloses profit or loss/surplus or deficit for a given period, and value and nature of a firm’s assets, liabilities and owner’s equity.
n]vf eGgfn] sf/f]jf/ ePsf] Joxf]/f b]lvg] u/L k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd /flvg] clen]v, vftf, lstfa cflb / sf/f]jf/nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ cGo sfuhft ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 . -n]vfk/LIf0f sf]
cfly{s sf/f]jf/ tyf cfly{s 36gfsf] clen]v /fVg' dfq n]vfsf] p4]Zo xf]O{g sL Joj;;fox?sf] cfly{s cj:yfsf] ;;DjlGwt lgsfox?nfO{ /fd|/L hfgsf/L lbg'klg]{ xf].
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

4. Branches of Accounting
Financial Accounting:
Financial Accounting involves recording and classifying any transactions, and preparing and presenting financial statements to be used by internal and external users, the management.
Management Accounting:
Managerial or management accounting focuses on providing information for use by internal users, the management. This branch deals with the needs of the management rather than strict compliance with the generally accepted accounting principles.
Cost Accounting:
Sometimes considered accountings a subset of Management accounting, cost accounting refers to the recording, and analysis of cost.
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

5. Importance of Accounting ( n]vfs]f dxTj _
Institutional Memory
Documentation
Evidence
Transparent
Risk Management
Financial Position and Performance
Financial Discipline
Financial Accountability
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

6. Accounting Information System
Accounting Information System Input -- Process -- Output
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

7. n]vfs]f l;4fGt Joj;flos cl:tTjsf] l;4fGt (Business Entity Concept)
Df}lb|s dfkb08sf] l;4fGt (Money Measurement Concept)
g/Gt/tfsf] l;4fGt (Going Concern Concept)
k/n d'Nosf l;4fGt (Cost Concept)
cfly{s jif{sf] l;4fGt (Accounting Period Concept)
K|ffKtLsf] l;4fGt (Realization Concept)
lx;fj ldnfgsf] l;4fGt (Matching Concept)
bf]xf]/f] n]vfsf] l;4fGt (Double Entry System)
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

8. Basis of accounting (n]vf k|0ffnL_
Cash Basis Accounting
gub n]vf k|0ffnLM
Under the cash basis accounting, revenues and expenses are recognized as follows:
Revenue : Revenue is recognized when cash is received.
Expense : Expense is recognized when cash is paid.
;+:yfn] u/]sf] s'n sf/f]jf/ dWo] gub k|fKt ePsf cfDbfgL tyf gub e"QmfgL ePsf vr{ dfq n]vf+sg ul/g] tyf pwf/f] sf/f]jf/nfO{ cfDbfgL tyf vr{ n]vf+sg gul/g] k4tLnfO{ gub n]vf k|0ffnL elgG5 . o;n] ljlQo ;+:yfsf] cfly{s cj:yfnfO{ lrq0f ub{5
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

9. Accrual Basis ( k|f]befjL n]vfk|0ffnL _
Accrual method recognizes income when it is earned and expenses when they are incurred   
Accrued Revenue: Revenue is recognized before cash is received
Accrued Expense: Expense is recognized before cash is paid.
;+:yfn] u/]sf cfDbfgL P+j vr{df k|fKtL jf e"QmfgL ePsf] /sdsf] cltl/Qm k|fKtL jf e"QmfgL x'g jfsL /sd ;d]tsf] cfDbfgL tyf vr{ n]vf+sg ul/g] k4tLnfO{ k|f]befjL n]vf k|0ffnL elgG5 .
s'g}klg ;+:yfsf] n]vf /fVg'sf] p2]Zo ;f] ;+:yfsf] / ljQLo l:ylt (Financial Position ) / ljQLo pknAwL (Financial Performance) sf] hfgsf/L kfpg' /x]s]f 5 . pwf/f] sf/f]jf/sf] n]vf g/fvL gubsf] dfq n]vf+sg ubf{ Joj;fosf] ljQLo pknAwLsf] k"0f{ hfgsf/L gkfOg] x'gfn] ;fdGotof k|f]befjL n]vf k|0ffnL ckgfOG5
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

10. Hybrid ( ldl>t n]vfk|0ffnL _
Those methods that are neither strictly cash nor strictly accrual but combine elements of both
;+:yfsf] cfonfO{ gub n]vf k|0ffnLdf / vr{nfO{ k|f]befjL n]vfk|0ffnLdf n]vf /fVg' nfO{ ldl>t n]vf k|0ffnL elgG5 .
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

11. Process
Procedures
Transactions
Identification ,measurement and documentation
Recording: (Putting the information into the accounting system)
Journal and subsidiary books
Classification: Grouping all the same activities (e.g., all purchase) together.
Posting in to ledger and balancing of ledger
Summarizing: Totaling the results
Trial balance, Trading account, P/L account or I/E and balance sheet
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

12. Procedure
Interpretation and Evaluation: Examination the statements to determine how the various pieces of information they contain relate to each other
Balance sheet are analyzed to draw conclusions about the financial positions of the organization.
Communication: Providing the reports and financial statements to people who are interested in the information such as business’s decision makers, investors ,creditors, and governmental agencies.
Conclusions are communicated to the concerned parties
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

13. Output Financial Statement
Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Cash Flow Statement
Statement of Changes in Equity
Notes, comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory notes.
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

14. g]kfn ;/sf/sf] n]vf k|0ffnL
-!_ ljlgof]hg >]:tf k|0ffnL ah]6df ljlgof]hg ePsf] /sd lgsf;f lbg]], vr{ ug{] u/L ul/Psf] sf/f]af/sf n]vfnfO{ ljlgof]hg >]:tf elgG5
– s]Gb|Lo :t/
– sfo{ ;+rfng :t/
/fhZj >]:tf k|0ffnL ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg';f/ u'7L afx]s ;/sf/nfO{ lgoldt ?kdf k|fKt x'g] /sdnfO{ /fhZj elgG5 .
-#_ w/f}6L >]:tf k|0ffnL
-$_ lhG;L >]:tf k|0ffnL
-%_ cGo cfly{s sf/f]af/
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

15. Accounting Process in the context of Nepal g]kfn ;/sf/sf] n]vf k4tL
uf]Zjf/f ef}r/ - d=n]=k= kmf/fd g+=!) _
vftfx? - d=n]=k= kmf/fd _
e'QmfgL cfb]zsf] - cg';'rL !$ _
a}+s gubL lstfa - d=n]=k= kmf/fd g+=% _
ah]6 lx;fa - d=n]=k= kmf/fd g+= * _
j}s lx;fj ;dfof]hg ljj/0f - d=n]=k= kmf/fd g+=!% _
vr{sf] kmfF6jf/L - d=n]=k= kmf/fd g+=!# _
cfly{s ljj/0f - d=n]=k= kmf/fd g+=!& _
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

16. Convert into NPSAS accrual basis
NPSAS Cash Basis
Trial Balance ( Integrated of B.E., Revenues, Deposit and Bank Balance )
Receipt and Payment Account
Recording of Inter Entity Transactions
Comparison of Budget and actual Expenditures
Accounting policies and notes to accounts
Provide detail information to stakeholders about FSDA(Financial Statement discuss and Analysis)
Convert into NPSAS accrual basis
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

17. 1. Budget and program formulation 2. Accounting 3. Reporting 4. DTOs
स्थानीय सञ्चित कोष ब्यवस्थापनप्रणाली Sub-national Treasury Regulatory Application-SUTRA
1. Budget and program formulation
2. Accounting
3. Reporting
4. DTOs
5. Monitoring
1, 2 and 3 for Local level and
4 & 5 for DTOs, FCGO and MoF and others entities for reporting
Deposit and Revenue Models are being Prepared
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

18. df:s]jf/L / jflif{s k|ltj]bg ( monthly and yeraly reporting)
-!_ dfl;s -w/f}6L df:s]jf/L sf]=n]=lg=sf= / clVtof/L k|bfgug]{ tfn's sfof{nodf dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] & lbg leq k7fpg' kg_]{Reporting.docx
vr{sf] kmf6jf/L -d=n]=k=kmf= !#_
km5of}{6 x'g afsL k]ZsL -d=n]=k=kmf= !$_
a}s lx;fa ljj/0f -d=n]=k=kmf= !%_
jflif{s
e'QmfgL lbg afsL sRrfaf/L -d=n]=k=kmf= !*_
jflif{s cf=lj= -d=n]=k=kmf= !&_
ljlgof]hg ,w/f}6L, /fhZj,lhG;L /
cGo ;/sf/L sf/f]af/sf] jflif{s cfly{s ljj/0f tof/ ug{' kg]{ / o:tf] ljj/0fdf n]vfk|0ffnLdf ;dflji6 gu/]sf] s]lx yk ljifodf hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5, h:t}– e"QmfgLx'g afFsL ljj/0f,c;"nx'g afFsL /fhZjsf] nut / ut ljut jif{sf] k]ZsL
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

19. dGqfnoaf6 u/Lg] k|ltj]bg
dGqfnon] dftxtsf sfof{nosf] jflif{s cfly{s ljj/0fx?nfO{ Plss[t u/L /fhZj, w/f}6L ljlgof]hg / cGo cfly{s sf/f]sf/sf] Plss[t cfly{s ljj/0f tof/ u/L d=n]=lg=sf= / d=n]=k= sfo{nodf k]zug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
d=Nf]=lg=sf=
ljleGg dGqfnoaf6 k|fKt Plss[t cf=lj= / lhNnf l:yt sf]=n]=lg=sf= af6 k|fKt ljj/0fx? Ps cfk;df le8fg u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /fhZj, ljlgof]hg, w/f}6L / cGo sf/f]sf/sf] s]Gb|Lo cfly{s ljj/0f tof/ u/L d=n]=k= sfof{nodf k]z ug{' kg]{ x'G5 .
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

20. -!_ df:s]jf/L Office, Unit or Project
! w/f}6Lsf] df:s]jf/L -d=n]=k= kmf/fd g !( _
@ /fhZj df:s]jf/L - d=n]=k= kmf/fd g ( _
# vr{sf] kmfF6jf/L j}b]lzs ;xfos -d=n]=k= kmf/fd
$ vr{sf] kmfF6jf/L -d=n]=k= kmf/fd g+=!#_
% j}s lx;fj ;dfof]hg ljj/0f -d=n]=k= kmf/fd g+=!%_
^ k]ZsL{sf ljj/0f -d=n]=k= kmf/fd g+=!$_ ( M
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

21. According to Arthik Karyabidhi Niyam 93
Daily - Tomorrow
Weekly - With in 3 days of the date of completion
Monthly - With in 7 days of the date of completion
OAG, CGO, DTOC- Written date on letter
Report to other institution- Within 3 days after receiving the letter
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

22. -!_ jflif{s ( Yearly) Ministry ( dGqfno _
! /fhZj s]Gb|Lo cfly{s ljj/0f -d=n]=k= kmf/fd !(# _
@ ljlgof]hg s]Gb|Lo cfly{s ljj/0f -d=n]=k= _
# j}b]lzs ;xfos ah]6sf s]Gb|Lo cfly{s ljj/0f -d=n]=k= _
$ w/f}6Lsf] s]Gb|Lo cfly{s ljj/0f -d=n]=k= kmf/fd g !($ _
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

23. -Financial Comptroller General Office) d=Nf]=lg=sf
-!_ jflif{s ( Yearly)
1. Central Integrated (Financial Statement) Income Statement
2. Loan and Investment Statement
3. Central NR Bank account adjustment
4. Foreign Resource adjustment
2. Office of the Auditor General d=n]=k _
1. Beruju Clearance, Monitoring and Evaluation
2. Advice on Auditing
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari

24. Thank You
Professional Course on Management and Development: Sundar Shrestha and Gobinda Bhandari