1. Early River Valley Civilizations

2. Early River Valley Civilizations
Mesopotamia
There is an arc of land in Southwest Asia that is called the Fertile Crescent. Two of its rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, flood in the spring. This flooding leaves rich mud, called silt, in the plain between the rivers. Because of this, many thousands of years ago people settled in this area known as Mesopotamia (land between the rivers).

3. Mesopotamia

4. Mesopotamia
The first civilizations began here. About 3300 B.C., the Sumerians moved into the region. They developed the city of Ur. The Sumerians developed a writing system (cuneiform). Eventually, the villages grew into city-states.

5. Cuneiform

6. Mesopotamia
Families became powerful and took control, creating a dynasty (a family of rulers). The government was usually a monarchy (government ruled by a King or Queen

7. Mesopotamia
As civilization grew, society became divided into social classes. They believed in many gods (polytheism). They invented the sail, the wheel, and plow. Over time the Sumerians became weak and were conquered by other people

8. The Babylonians
One of these groups was the Babylonians. They were led by a king named Hammurabi. He is famous for his code of laws – they were the first set of written laws.
Hammurabi’s Code

9. Hammurabi’s Code
It was very harsh, (an eye for an eye) people were punished severely for their wrong doing. However, it showed that the government had a responsibility to take care of the people. It is the oldest known legal system.

10. Egypt
Egypt was more isolated than Mesopotamia. Natural boundaries: the desert, mountains, and the sea protected Egypt from being invaded over and over. Egyptian civilization grew up along the banks of the Nile River.

12. Egypt
The Nile was more predictable, it flooded each year. About 3000 B.C., Egypt was unified into one kingdom. The leader was the Pharaoh.

15. Egypt
The Pharaoh was not only the king, but was seen as iving a god. This type of government was a theocracy.

16. Egypt
Like the Sumerians, the Egyptians developed a writing system called hieroglyphics.
The Egyptians were the first to devise a calendar that divided the year into 365 days.

18. Egypt
The Egyptians were great builders; they built pyramids as tombs for their leaders. They used a process of mummification to preserve the body.

23. Other Early Civilizations
Hittites
Settled in Mesopotamia – invented iron weapons
Persians
They built a large empire in the Middle East. Their empire included Mesopotamia and Egypt. By maintaining their vast empire, the Persians stimulated cultural interchange throughout the Middle East.

24. Phoenicians
They were traders, they developed an alphabet of 22 letters.
The addition of other letters by the Greeks and Romans produced our alphabet.
This made communication and record keeping easier.

26. Hebrews
The Hebrews had a lasting effect on Western Civilization. Hebrew contributions to civilization were – monotheism – belief in one god, The Old Testament, ethical laws set down in the Ten Commandments, and high moral principles.

27. Hebrews
The Hebrews are also known as the Jews. The Jews are considered to be God’s “chosen people”. Their religious book is called the Torah. Christianity and Islam both stem from Judaism.