1. Memory Consolidation Trace Slow wave Reactivation Sleep
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2. Memory Consolidation At the time of encoding,
memories are susceptible to disruption.
With time, they become robust to interference
(Mueller and Pilzecker, 1900)
Cerebral trauma leads to a greater loss
of recent than remote memories
(Ribot, 1882)
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3. Spindles Slow wave,delta
SLEEP
Non-REM REM
Stages
Spindles Slow wave,delta
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Task
Manipulat
non-REM
REM
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stages 3, 4
Priming
Conway & Smith 1994
Word Stem
REM Dep -E +L
Plihal & Born 1999
Intrpt
Perceptual skill
Karni et al. 1994
TDT
Dep - +
Stickgold et al. 2000
Corr +E
Gais et al. 2000
+/-L
Kattler et al. 1994
SSstim
n/a
Verschoor & Holdstock
Vis/Aud Lrn
Motor skill
Plihal & Born 1997
MirrorTrace
DeKoninck & Prevost
Prism Adaptation
Buchegger et al. 1991
Trampoline
Fischer et al. 2002
FOS
Corsi, Hanoi
Smith & MacNeill 1994
Pursuit Rotor
Walker et al. 2002
Fgr Tap Seq
Explicit/Declarative
Castaldo et al. 1974; Chernik 1972
VPA
Yaroush et al. 1971 -L
Barrett & Ekstrand 1972
Gais et al. 2002
Mental Rotation
Meier-Koll et al. 1999
Spatial
Tilley & Empson 1978
Story recall
R/St4 Dep
DeKoninck et al. 1989
2ndLanguage
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5. Slow-wave sleep (~1-4Hz) contains:
Slow oscillation(~1Hz) (a.k.a up/down states)
Faster rhythms can be embedded in the up phase of the up state
The ‘up’ state is named for intracellular depolarization…notice how this appears as a trough in the extracellular LFP or in the EEG signal
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Neuroscience 137 (2006) 1087–1106 GROUPING OF BRAIN RHYTHMS IN CORTICOTHALAMIC SYSTEMS. M. STERIADE*
Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Laval University, Faculty of Medicine,

6. Is there evidence for trace replay theory?
Memory Trace Reactivation
… when neural activity patterns seen during a task
are ‘replayed’ during subsequent periods of inactivity

7. Memory Trace Reactivation
Key Studies
In rats, hippocampal activity patterns during behavior are related to patterns during subsequent periods of inactivity (Pavlides and Winson, 1989; Wilson and McNaughton, 1994),
specifically, in hippocampal oscillations (Kudrimoti et al., 1999)
demonstrated to co-occur with slow-waves (Sirota et al., 2003; Battaglia et al., 2004)
seen in the hippocampus and neocortex of rats (Qin et al., 1997; Ribeiro et al., 2004; Ji and Wilson, 2007)

8. Memory Consolidation Trace Slow wave Reactivation Sleep Causal
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