1. Types of observation

2. Observation Why do one? Systematic (structured) observation
Ethological observation

3. Observation Participant observation Overt Examples Limitations
“Going native”
Reactivity

4. Covert Example Limitations May be hard to act the part May be spotted
Harder to remain objective
May change their behavior
Ethical considerations

5. Nonparticipant observation Limitation
Reactivity
Case studies
Deviant case analysis
Limitations
Retrospective
Motivated forgetting

6. Archival Content analysis Limitations Limited by what is available
May interpret incorrectly

7. Advantages/Disadvantages of observation
Observe and describe natural behavior
Reactivity
Can’t talk about causes
May not generalize
Ethical concerns
Anthropomorphizing

8. Book organization vs mine
Naturalistic (nonparticipant)
Disguised
Undisguised
Participant (participant)
Disguised (covert)
Undisguised (overt)
Structured (systematic)
Case study
Archival
Content analysis
Systematic vs. Ethological
Then separately:
Participant
Covert
Overt
Nonparticipant
Case studies
Deviant case analysis
Archival
Content analysis