1. KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life
KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life. - there are millions of different carbon molecules!

2. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms(b/c has 4 unpaired electrons in outer energy level, needs 8 to be complete!).
Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.
straight chain
branched chain
ring

3. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.
Monomers are the individual subunits.
Polymers are made of many monomers.
Monomers in a polymer may just repeat, or all be different.

4. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The Hydrogen: Oxygen ratio is always 2:1

5. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Carbohydrates include sugars and starches.
Monosaccharides are simple sugars = monomers.(Ex. Glucose)
Disaccharides are 2 sugars bonded together.
Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.

6. Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.(Ex. Cellulose)
Functions:
Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. (Ex. starch, glycogen)
Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.(Ex. Cellulose)
Polymer (starch = plant energy storage)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose = plant building material in cell walls)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
monomer

7. Functions:
Glycogen = animal “starch” that stores energy
temporarily

8. Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, waxes and cholesterol.
Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
-- All lipids contain C, H and O; but lack the H:O ratio of 2:1
Triglyceride
Fatty acids
Glycerol

9. Lipids have several different functions.
broken down as a source of energy (long term energy storage)
make up cell membranes
used to make hormones (Ex. Steroids)
waxes in plants prevent dehydration

10. Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.
saturated fatty acids
unsaturated fatty acids

11. Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.
Polar (negatively charged) phosphate “head”
Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”
Phospholipid

12. Cholesterol
Ring shaped lipid
Dangerous in large amounts in diet, but need some
Functions:
Part of cell membranes
Body uses it to make some steroids: stress response, sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen)

13. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Contain elements: C, H, O, and N
Twenty different amino acids are used to build thousands of different proteins in organisms.

14. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
There is no element “R”, “R” indicates the part that differs!
Amine group
Carboxyl group

15. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
Another name for a protein is: Polypeptide

16. Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.
Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.
hydrogen bond
Hemoglobin
Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function. (Like in mutations!)

17. Functions of Proteins
Part of structure of cell membrane
Enzymes are proteins
Used to build body tissues: hair, skin, nails, exoskeletons, muscles
Transport functions

18. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.

19. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
They contain the elements: C, H, O, N and P
A phosphate group
nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base
deoxyribose (sugar)

20. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
Two examples of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA
DNA
DNA stores genetic information = Function
RNA uses DNA information to build proteins = Function.
RNA