1. Mitosis and Cancer You will learn: -Reasons Cells Divide
-Phases of the Cell Cycle
-Abnormal Cell Growth

2. Some reasons why cells divide?
________________

3. Limits to Cell Growth
There are two main reasons why cells divide

4. Reason #1
______________________________
_____________________________

5. Understanding DNA Overload
In eukaryotic cells, DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell. When a cell is small, the information stored in the DNA is able to meet all the needs of the cell

6. As the cell increases in size, it usually does not make extra copies of DNA. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Reason #2
Food, oxygen, and water enter the cell through its cell membrane. Waste products must leave in the same way.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. The rate at which food and oxygen is used up and waste products are produced depends on the cell’s volume
If a cell gets too large, ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. What is the Cell Cycle? A period where the cell grows, _______
___________________________, and divides into two daughter cells.

11. Interphase (inter = between)
The "holding" stage or the stage between two successive cell divisions. ~90 percent of a cell's time in the normal cellular cycle may be spent in interphase.

12. Interphase (Longest Part of the Cell Cycle)
________________________, but it is included in the cell cycle
___________________________
performing cell functions
organelles double in number, to prepare for division

13. Interphase G1 - (Growth 1) S - (Synthesis) - __________________
G2 - (Growth 2) - cell prepares for division

14. G1 Phase (Cell Growth) The cell does most of its growing
__________________________
New proteins & organelles are synthesized

15. S Phase (DNA Replication)
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________________

16. G2 Phase (Prep. for Mitosis)
Shortest of the 3 phases
__________________________________________________________________

17. M Phase (Mitosis)
The process of cell division begins.

18. MITOSIS ________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

19. Prophase (pro=primary,first)
In prophase, the __________________ condenses into discrete chromosomes. The nuclear envelope breaks down and spindles form at opposite "poles" of the cell.

20. Prophase Key Events
__________________________________________________________________
In animal cells, centrioles begin to migrate to opposite poles
_________________________________

21. What is chromatin?
When a cell is "resting" i.e. not dividing, the chromosomes are organized into an entangled structure called chromatin

22. Metaphase (meta is like middle)
In metaphase, the chromosomes are ________________________metaphase plate (a plane that is equally distant from the two _______________________poles). 
The spindles form the framework of the dividing cell.

23. Anaphase ana=upward,back
The centromeres divide and the paired chromosomes __________________________________________________________________________________________

25. Telophase (telo=end)
In this last stage, ____________________________ after the chromatids have migrated to the opposite poles. ____________________________________________________________________________________________

26. Cytokinesis Cyto =cell Kinesis=movement
The cell’s cytoplasm divides at the end of telophase
Animals - _________________________
Plants - ___________________________
___________________________

27. Results of Mitosis

28. The Cell Cycle
Proteins called cyclins and enzymes that attach to the __________________________________________________________________

29. What is abnormal cell growth?
Also called uncontrolled, rapid cell growth is a central feature of _______________.
Virtually every cancer is caused by mutations of DNA
_____________________________are most susceptible to mutations, which may lead to ___________________________.

30. Tumors Tumors are abnormal growth of cells
Benign tumors are non cancerous and and only grow locally
Malignant tumors are cancerous and spread to other areas of the body

31. Abnormal Cell Growth

32. Abnormal Cell Growth

33. Surgical Removal of Tumor

34. A Large Abdominal Tumor

35. Body without Tumor

36. Cancer Occasionally, cells lose control of the cell cycle
This results from:
____________________________
_____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.

37. Cancer
Cancer is a malignant growth resulting from uncontrolled cell division
Malignant =dangerous to health; marked by uncontrolled growth

38. Cancer Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the U.S.
Lung, colon, breast, and prostate cancers are the most prevalent types

39. Causes of cancer Genetics Environmental Factors
________________________________
Air and water pollution
_________________________________
However, there are still unknown causes and researchers are working to discover these factors.

40. Cancer prevention Healthy Lifestyle Low fat, high fiber diet Exercise
Not smoking
Taking daily vitamins and minerals
Carotenoids, Vitamins A, C, E, and calcium

41. Cancer
Cancer is difficult to treat in later stages because the cancer may have spread to vital organs and damaged them beyond repair.