1. Braun, S. A., 2006: High-Resolution Simulation of Hurricane Bonnie (1998). Part II: Water Budget. J. Atmos. Sci., 63,
Gamache, J. F., R. A. Houze Jr., and F. D. Marks, Jr., 1993: Dual-aircraft investigation of the inner core of Hurricane Nobert. Part III: Water budget. J. Atmos. Sci., 50,

2. 1050 UTC 24 Aug.
TRMM
1800 UTC 22 Aug.
TRMM
1200 UTC 23 Aug
MM5

3. Radar Reflectivity CFAD
1200 UTC 23 Aug.
MM5
1800 UTC 22 Aug.
TRMM

4. Yuter and Houze
(1995; MWR)

5. 40 m
2.7 km
dBZ (shading)
Vr’ (contour)
dBZ (shading)
W (contour)
6.8 km
12 km
1-h Time Average
(24-25 h)
dBZ (shading)
W (contour)
dBZ (shading)
Vr’ (contour)

6. dBZ (shading)
W (contour)
Qc+Qi (shading)
W (contour)
dBZ (shading)
Vr’ (contour)
1-h Time Average
(24-25 h)

7. Vt Vr W
Qv’
1-h Average
(24-25 h) Qc Qi Qr Qs Qg

8. Budget Formulation

11. Cond HF
Evap VF
Cond + Evap
HF + VF
1-h Average
(24-25 h)
Div
PBL

12. Yang and Houze
(1996; JAS)

13. Vertical Velocity CFAD

14. Cloud sink
HFD
Net source
VFD
PBL
Negative water source

15. Rainwater source
Rainwater sink
Graupel source
Graupel sink
Snow source
Snow sink

16. Net microphysical source
HFD
Fallout + VFD
Negative water source

17. Condensation
Evaporation
Hail
Precipitation fallout

18. Total rain source
Warm rain source
(Rain source +
Graupel sink)
Cold rain source
(Graupel sink)
Grauple source

20. Graupel
Cloud water
Snow
Cloud ice
Rain water

21. Cloud water
Rain water
Graupel

23. Conclusions
The simulation generally reproduces the track, intensity, and strucure of Hurricane Bonnie, but overpredicts the precipitation.
The ocean source of vapor in eyewall is very small relative to the condensation and inward transport of vapor, indicating that many observation studies generally overestimated the role of ocean source by underestimating the radial transport of moisture in the lowest 500 m.
This finding emphasizes the importance of the lowest 500 m of the hurricane in providing the bulk of water supply to eyewall, while the airborne Doppler radars and aircrafts usually have difficulty in observing the inflow in the lowest 500 m.
For a mature TC, the azimuthally averaged cloud amount is consumed as fast as it is produced; Cloud liquid water often peaks within the melting layer where cooling by melting enhances condensation.

24. Conclusions (more)
In the eyewall, most of the condensation occurs within convective towers while in outer regions condensation results from a mix of stratiform (primarily) and convective (secondary) precipitation processes.
The precipitation budget is dominated by production and fallout with little precipitation from the eyewall being transported outward into the surrounding precipitation area.
Much of the mass that is transported outward from the eyewall is in the form of small ice particles at upper levels that provide seeds for additional particle growth by deposition and aggregation.
An asymmetric pattern of outflow caused by environmental vertical shear leads to an asymmetric pattern of hydrometeors seeding with the detrained ice mass exiting the eyewall on the southeast (rear and downshear) side of the storm.
The water budget results presented herein apply to a relatively steady, mature hurricane with a moderate degree of asymmetry.