1. Limits to Cell size
Think of a crowded city, and all the problems with traffic and overcrowding! What if all the people from Denver moved to Fort Collins, what would be some issues we would face.
As the cell gets bigger, it faces some of the same issues, it is difficult to travel, hard to process waste, requires a lot more energy, the government would be stressed trying to keep the peace and maintain order.
The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA.
In addition, a larger cell is less efficient in moving nutrients and waste materials across the cell membrane.

2. Asexual and sexual reproduction
Asexual- single celled organism, genetically identical offspring from a single parent. Quick!
Sexual- from 2 (or more) parents organism inherit some of their genetic information from each parent. Takes more time but individuals are genetically diverse.

3. Cell cycle

4. Interphase:
G1 phase- cell growth
S phase- DNA replication
G2 phase- preparation for mitosis
Cell division:
M phase- mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis)
Cytokinesis is often considered at the end of telophase and not its own phase

5. Acronym time- a way to remember a process
Acronym time- a way to remember a process. Use the first letter of each word to make a sentence you can remember.
I - (interphase) I
P - (prophase) promised
M - (metaphase) my
A - (anaphase) alligator
T - (telophase) treats

6. Chromosome Terminology
The process of cell division is to copy the genetic information (which macro molecule is that?)
The DNA has to get ready to copy and divide, which we will study in a future chapter. For now recognize the DNA will organize itself into a chromosome. Humans have 23 pairs, or 46 chromosomes per cell.

8. Memory tool
In French the word for mom is mere. The centromere is holding the sisters hands. The mom is holding her kids together.
Centromere: holds sister chromatids together

10. Interphase
This is the stage in which the cell spends most of its time. There are 3 parts to interphase:
first gap,
synthesis, and
second gap.
The cell will carry out its functions during interphase. Synthesis is when the DNA will replicate. Interphase can be recognized as just a normal looking cell.

11. Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

14. Prophase
The chromatin (DNA) coils up and condenses. The nuclear membrane dissolves. The centrosomes pair and send out spindle fibers. This phase can be recognized because the chromatin (DNA) can actually be seen.
Note: centromere and centrosomes are very similar vocab words! Centromere holds the sister chromatids together, centrosomes will help pull the sister chromatids apart.

16. Metaphase
The duplicated chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate, an invisible line. It is so amazing that they know where and how to line up. It is completely random how they line up, this will lead to genetic variability. The spindle fibers reach out to the centromere from the centrosome. This phase can be recognized because the chromosomes are all lined up.

18. Anaphase
Anaphase sounds like anti-phase where the sister chromatids are being ripped apart and moving anti (away) from each other. The spindle fibers connected to the centromere will begin to retract pulling the sister chromatids apart. You can think of this as fishing, the centrosome is the rod, and the spindle fiber is being reeled in. This can be recognized by two lines of chromosomes being pulled closed to the new nucleus.

20. Telophase
The two daughter cells are ready to form. The cleavage furrow will start to pinch off the two new cells. The new nucleus will form around the separated chromosomes. Each cell will have one complete copy of genetic information. This phase can be reconized by the cleavage furrow and in the two cells getting ready to finish dividing.

22. Review Figure 10-3, page 285
Shows images from light microscope alongside schematics of each phase of mitosis

23. End of telophase: cytokinesis
Completes the process of cell division. It splits one cell into 2. The cytoplasm and the rest of the organelles split into two cells. This is at the end of telophase.

25. What Controls the cell cycle? Regulatory proteins
Internal regulators-
respond to events inside the cell, the cyclins or cell clocks
Make sure Mitosis does not start until DNA has replicated
Prevents start of anaphase until spindle fibers have attached to the chromosomes

26. What Controls the cell cycle? Regulatory proteins
External regulators
Respond to events outside the cell like growth factors that stimulate the growth and division of cells.
Especially important during embryonic development and wound healing
Others prevent excessive cell growth – keep body tissues from disrupting one another

27. What regulates the cell cycle? Cyclins
Regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.
This is a picture of all the proteins called cyclins that are involved in the timing of the cell cycle. Each one has a role in moving the cycle to the next step.

28. Programmed cell death. Apoptosis
This is how your fingers are formed during development in the womb. Humans develop with webbed fingers, and the cells between our digits are programed to go through apoptosis and a certain stage in development. Apoptosis is also how cancer cells in our body can be controlled naturally, and out of control cells can be programed to die.

29. Cancer- uncontrolled cell growth, the cyclins are in overdrive, and apoptosis is not functioning properly.
Treatments
Cut it
Burn it
Poison it
Causes
genetic &
environmental

31. Development- from one cell to a fully formed being.

32. Embryo: the adult organism gradually is formed

33. From one cell to many

34. Differentiation
Differentiate: To make or become different during development.
Cells start as stem cells and differentiate into many kind of cells. Stem cells are blank cells that haven’t received their instructions on what kind of cell they will become. Not a lot is known on how cells know what part of the DNA they will use to become their fated cell. All cells have all DNA, but not all DNA is used in each cell.

35. Stem Cells
Embryonic:
Pluriopotent- can develop into most of the body's cell types.
Adult:
Multipotent- can develop into many types of cell.