1. APA Style and Annotated Bibliographies
INGL 3231
Prof. Cristal Heffelfinger

2. APA Style

3. What is APA?
The American Psychological Association, founded in 1892, is the largest organization representing social sciences and psychology in the United States.
Style Guide
Among the most widely used, next to MLA, Chicago, etc.
Emphasis on clarity and consistency
Attention to:
Punctuation
Word choice (e.g., gender-neutral language)
General structure and format
Tables and graphs
Citations and references

4. Online resources
Aside from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Sixth Edition, there are many online resources that provide workshops and guidelines on APA style.
One of the most useful tools is Purdue University’s Online Writing Lab. Follow the link below to explore the OWL:
For video tutorials, visit the APA Style website:
My go-to website is always the Purdue OWL due to its organized, clear format and its abundance of examples. You are welcome to use the tools of your choice. You should also know that there is a hard copy of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association available at the Richardson Seminar Room, in our English Department.

5. The basics Elements Print sources Electronic sources Author
Date of publication
Title of work
Pages
(if available)
Publisher and place of publication
DOI or URL
While APA Style contains guidelines regarding the overall format of a paper, we will focus on the structure and content of references.
Some of these e

6. In-text citations Author (year) (Author, year)
e.g., According to Fernyhough (2012), most of our childhood memories are untrustworthy.
(Author, year)
e.g., Most of our childhood memories are untrustworthy (Fernyhough, 2012).

7. End-of-text references: General format
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole
& J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 3:
Speech acts (pp ). New York, NY: Academic
Press.
Keenan, E. O. (1976). The universality of
conversational postulates. Language in Society,
5(1), Retrieved from
Mühleisen, S. (2011). Forms of address and ambiguity
in Caribbean English-lexicon Creoles: Strategic
interactions in a postcolonial language setting.
Journal of Pragmatics, 43(6),
doi: /j.pragma
Okolo, B. A. (2003). Communicative structure in
dyadic bargaining: The case of buying and
selling. In O. Ndimele (Ed.), In the linguistic
paradise: A festschrift for E. Nolue Emenanjo (pp.
). Aba, Nigeria: National Institute for
Nigerian Languages.
List your sources on a separate page, with the word “References” written in the center.
Each entry should be aligned to the left, and indented from the second line forward.
Organize alphabetically.
*These references are taken from one of my academic papers. They have nothing to do with this course, but are used only as examples.

8. End-of-text references: Books
Last Name, F. N. (Year). Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
Cole, P. & Morgan, J. (1975). Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts (pp ). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Last Name, F. N. (Year). Title of chapter. In F. N. Last Name (Ed.), Title of book (pages). Place of publication: Publisher.
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts (pp ). New York, NY: Academic Press.

9. End-of-text references: Articles
Academic paper
Last Name, F. N. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume(issue), pages.
Faraclas, N., González Cotto, L.. Corum, M., Joseph Haynes, M., Ursulin Mopsus, D.,
Vergne, A., … & Jessurun, A. (2014). Creoles and acts of identity: Convergence and
multiple voicing in the Atlantic Creoles. PAPIA, 24(1),
News article
Last Name, F. N. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of newspaper, pages.
Ruiz Kuilan, G. (2017, May 30). Mañana el mensaje de presupuesto. El Nuevo Día, p. 6.

10. End-of-text references: Online sources
Academic paper
Last Name, F. N. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume(issue), pages. doi
Economidou-Kogetsidis, M. (2010). Cross-cultural and situational variation in requesting
behaviour: Perceptions of social situations and strategic usage of request
patterns. Journal of Pragmatics, 42(8), doi: /j.pragma
Web article or post
Last Name, F. N. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Retrieved from
Baker, J., Brizee, A., & Angeli, E. (2013). Argumentative essays. Retrieved from

11. Annotated bibliographies

12. We already know what a regular bibliography looks like…
References
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole
& J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 3:
Speech acts (pp ). New York, NY: Academic
Press.
Keenan, E. O. (1976). The universality of
conversational postulates. Language in Society,
5(1), Retrieved from
Mühleisen, S. (2011). Forms of address and ambiguity
in Caribbean English-lexicon Creoles: Strategic
interactions in a postcolonial language setting.
Journal of Pragmatics, 43(6),
doi: /j.pragma
Okolo, B. A. (2003). Communicative structure in
dyadic bargaining: The case of buying and
selling. In O. Ndimele (Ed.), In the linguistic
paradise: A festschrift for E. Nolue Emenanjo (pp.
). Aba, Nigeria: National Institute for
Nigerian Languages.
In general terms, a bibliography is a list of sources that appears at the end of a paper. It contains information about the different works used to write the essay. Keep in mind that all of your bibliography entries must also appear in the main text, and, likewise, every source cited in the text must be appropriately referenced in your bibliography page.

13. What makes it annotated?
Summary
(main arguments, topics, conclusions)
Evaluation (usefulness, reliability, relation to your work)
Annotation

14. Why annotations?
This exercise helps you prepare for your project, as it forces you to pay closer attention to the content of your sources.
It also lets you know how your paper fits into the existing body of literature.
It may give you a clearer idea on how to formulate your thesis.

15. (Adapted from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/614/03/)
General format
APA style citation
Brief summary
Evaluation
Length: Anywhere from one paragraph to one page
(no longer than 250 words)
Like regular bibliography entries, annotations are organized alphabetically.
Lamott, A. (1995). Bird by bird: Some instructions on
writing and life. New York, NY: Anchor Books.
This book offers honest advice on the nature of a writing life, complete with its insecurities and failures. Taking a humorous approach to the realities of being a writer, the chapters are wry and anecdotal and offer guidance on everything from plot development to jealousy, from perfectionism to struggling with one's own internal critic. In the process, the author includes writing exercises designed to be both productive and fun.
Lamott offers sane advice for those struggling with the anxieties of writing, but her main project seems to be offering the reader a reality check regarding writing, publishing, and facing one's own imperfect humanity in the process. Rather than a practical handbook to producing and/or publishing, this text is indispensable because of its honest perspective, its down-to-earth humor, and its encouraging approach.
Chapters in this text could easily be included in the curriculum for a writing class. Several of the chapters in Part 1 address the writing process and would serve to generate discussion on students' drafting and revising processes. Some of the writing exercises would also be appropriate for generating writing exercises. Students should find Lamott's style both engaging and enjoyable.
The length of an annotated bibliography entry may vary, depending on the nature and the extent of your work. However, for our purposes, you should try to make annotations as concise as possible, without sacrificing any valuable information. Place greater emphasis on your assessment of the source, rather than on the summary.
(Adapted from

16. Blog entry #9
Using the guidelines included in this presentation, write two annotated bibliography entries related to the topic of your final essay, and post them on your blog.
As previously mentioned, we will continue to work within the argumentative genre. Therefore, your final written project will consist on a persuasive essay about a controversial topic. You may choose one from the list that appears on the next slide. Also, a list will be circulating via to ensure that everyone is working on a different subject. I will send more specific instructions next week.
For now, your assignment consists of selecting a topic, looking up information, and posting your two annotations. Naturally, you are expected to use more than just a couple of sources for your final essay.

17. Topics for final essay and presentation
Choose only one of the following topics, create a thesis, and find evidence to support it.
1. Veganism
2. Meat-eating (does anyone know the term?)
3. Pro-life
4. Pro-choice
5. In favor of death penalty
6. Against death penalty
7. Cross-cultural marriages
8. Intra-cultural marriages
9. Gender-specific restrooms
10. Gender-neutral restrooms
11. Gun ownership
12. Gun control
13. In favor of beauty pageants
14. Against beauty pageants
15. Pro immigration/immigrants
16. Against immigration/immigrants
17. Monolingualism
18. Bilingualism
19. In favor of federal aids (“cupones”)
20. Against federal aids
*The objective of your final essay is to defend a position, whether you actually believe in it or not. Thus, the challenge consists in finding sound arguments to support your thesis. Similarly, your final presentation will now be a debate, instead of a roundtable. You will need to state your case, listen to an opposing thesis (from a classmate), and then take an opportunity to deliver a counter-argument or rebuttal.

18. References
American Psychological Association. (2017). APA history. Retrieved from history.aspx
American Psychological Association. (2017). Learning APA style. Retrieved from
Purdue Online Writing Lab. (2017). APA style. Retrieved from
Stacks, G., Karper, E., Bisignani, D., & Brizee, A. (2013). Annotated bibliographies. Retrieved from