1. A Brief Animation History
Sequential Frames
A Brief Animation History

2. Some Of Our Earliest Recorded Attempts At Animation
3,000 B.C. A bronze-age raised bowl is decorated with jumping goats (Shahr-e Sukhteh, Iran).
1490 A.D.
High renaissance, inventor, painter, sculptor, architect, Leonardo da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man drawing theorized the flexibility of human arms and legs, and conveys movement.

3. The Silent Era
After the Industrial revolution from the mid 1700s to the mid 1800s across Europe and North America came devices that displayed moving images.
The first animated projection Screening was created in France by Charles-Émile Reynaud - world’s first animated cartoon Pauvre Pierrot consisting of 500 individual paintings, projected from his Théâtre Optique patented by him in 1888.
The Théâtre Optique - housed painted images on a strip which stretched on a revolving wheel, facing a mirror, and then projected. It also provided a larger scale projection. This marked a huge progression towards modern cinematography.

4. Pauvre Pierrot

5. J. Stuart Blackton
Known to be the inventor of stop motion, Stuart rose to success after the production of numerous hand drawn frames sequenced into a film, such as Humorous Phases of Funny Faces in 1906.

6. Disney
In 1928, Steamboat Willie was the first cartoon complete with a soundtrack on 35mm film. It marked the end of the silent era and paved the way for videos with audio. Despite making a previous appearance, it is considered the premier of Mickey Mouse.
It was directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks, animated by Ub Iwerks, Wilfred Jackson, and Les Clark.

7. The Golden Years Of American Animation
During Disney’s Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck, Warner Brothers, MGM and Fleischer’s Betty Boop and Popeye would grow to become hallmarks of the animation world.
Warner Brothers produced some of the animated characters we have grown to love, including Bugs Bunny, Tweety and Sylvester, and Daffy Duck.
In 1937 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was the first animated movie using hand-drawn animation.

8. A List Of Highly Recommended Films (Widely Acclaimed)
Clash of the Titans (1981) (PG)
The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) (PG)
Mary and Max (2009) (PG-13)
ParaNorman (2012) (PG)

9. Terminology
Movement - focus on where you place objects and how you move them in each frame or how you move the camera to achieve the feeling you want.
Harmony - A way of combining similar elements in an artwork to accent their similarities (achieved through use of repetitions and subtle gradual changes). I made a short video about some of my daily routines, and used light as a way of showing the different times of day, corresponding to what I do at that time of day. If you have a slow paced or calm mood to your video use music that is soothing and soft. Well thought out components that relate to each other are harmonious examples.
Frame - these are the pictures you take and use in your animation, 5 frames per second is recommended.
Key Frame - the most meaningful frames in your video that typically focus on the main idea(s).
Storyboarding - a rough sketch of the key frames explaining the plot and sequence of your video.
Set - your backyard, local park, public or private space where you choose to film your animation, including where you place your camera and objects.
Script - you will narrate, explain to us the meaning of your animation, or any interesting ideas that relate to, or guide the viewer through your animation.
Animation - producing a motion picture with still images. Multiple static photographs shown in sequence to create the illusion of movement.
Stop motion - A video that is made up of still pictures.

10. Tutorial Video

11. Basic How-To to get you started:
Place your camera/device on a tripod, apparatus, or somewhere stable you can take a picture without moving the camera.
Take a picture of your object(s).
Move the object(s) very slightly, thinking about harmony and gradual movement.
Take another picture (with your camera in the same spot).
Move the object very slightly, again, always keeping in mind terminology.
Repeat, until your object(s) have reached your desired location.
Try to use objects that are in constant, but gradual motion throughout the day, such as liquid containers.
Consider playing with light, brightening or dimming lights to arrive at the feeling you want. You might close or open the blinds gradually to show the time of day.
You do not have to use the app, if you know how to do stop motion, but the app will help you brainstorm and get a handle on the basics of stop motion. It will also make the animation for you once you have captured all of your frames, and make it easier to transfer the animation to another device for editing.

12. References
Dominique Auzel, Émile Reynaud et l'image s'anima (Paris: Du May, 1992)
Laurent Mannoni, Le grand art de la lumière et de l'ombre (1994).
Pauvre Pierrot. Charles-Émile Reynaud. Tamara Pappé, 1892.
Humorous Phases of Funny Faces. J. Stuart Blackton. Vitagraph Studios, 1906.
Steamboat Willie. Walt Disney, Ub Iwerks. Walt Disney, Ub Iwerks, Wilfred Jackson. Walt Disney Company, 1928.
Publication excerpt from The Museum of Modern Art, MoMA Highlights. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, revised 2004, originally published 1999, p. 137.
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. David Hand, Wilfred Jackson, Larry Morey, Perce Pearce, Ben Sharpsteen, William Cottrell. Walt Disney Pictures, 1937.
Stern, Alisa, Valdes, Armand. What Is Stop Motion Animation and How Does It Work? | Mashable Explains. Youtube. Mashable, 18 September
Beck, Jerry and Friedwald, Will. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons. Henry Holt and Company, 1989.