1. Changing Population Trends
Chapter 9
Section 2
Ms. Cuthrell
Ecology
2nd Period

2. After Demographic Transition
Most countries around the world have already reached the other side of demographic transition.
What happens next?
As the population continues to grow and technologies improve, environmental issues and can overwhelm the infrastucture of the community.
Infrastructure: basic facilities and services that support a community.
Ex: water supply, sewer lines, hospitals, subways, schools, power plants, and roads

3. Problems of Rapid Growth
The symptoms of overwhelming population growth are:
Suburban sprawl, overcrowding of schools, pollution in rivers, barren land, and overcrowded housing facilities
With growing populations, the need for resources also increases.
If populations are unable to produce adequate resources in their own area, they must rely on other communities to provide them with supplies.

4. Problems with Rapid Growth
When resources are overused in an area, they will run out very quickly and the quality of living in that area can also decline.
Ex: standard of living goes down in areas after large amounts of wood are removed from local forests faster than it can grow back.
Think of overuse as putting the rest of the community, as well as yourself, at a disadvantage.
Vegetation, water, and land resources are most affected by rapid population growth because they take longer to renew compared to the rate at which they are used.

5. A Shortage of Fuelwood
Many of the poorest countries in the world still use wood as a main source of fuel.
Stable populations will only use wood that has fallen off of trees naturally instead of harvesting wood for fuel.
Rapidly growing populations will use all of the already fallen wood and still have a need for more, and are forced to start harvesting trees.
This leaves no wood to be collected the next year.
This has already left many communities in India, parts of Asia, and Africa barren of all fuelwood.

6. A Shortage of Fuel wood
Fuel ensures that a person can cook food and boil water.
This is especially important in poor countries to control disease spread through uncooked food and dirty water supplies.
By boiling water and cooking food, parasites and diseases are removed and it is easier to digest.
Without fuel to complete these tasks, many poor countries will suffer from malnutrition and disease.

7. Unsafe Water
In communities without an established infrastructure, water sources are not only used for drinking and cleaning, but also as a way to dispose of sewage.
As a result, the water supply quickly become a breeding ground for diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and dysentery.
With rapid population growth, many countries are left without adequate facilities to sanitize drinking water.
In 20o1: 1 billion people were left worldwide without clean drinking water and 3 billion people died from diseases caused by unsafe water.

8. Impacts on Land
Every person needs a place to live and usually, they prefer to live in areas with many resources.
This is causing a strain on the amount of arable, farmable, land available to grow necessary resources.
Growing populations have to decide where to make trade-offs for land between agriculture, housing and natural habitats.
As populations grow, the world begins to move toward a trend of urbanization, or the movement into cities.

9. Impacts on Land
The great rush for the city, where there are numerous resources and job, has caused large metropolitan areas.
However, most people don’t want to live directly in the city so they will move directly outside of the city into areas known as the suburbs.
Suburban sprawl is the growth of the suburbs around cities and it causes a reduction of land for natural uses, agriculture, and traffic jams.
It also causes overcrowding and a strain on the infrastructure of the community.

10. A Demographically Diverse World
Demographers use the terms developed and developing when talking about certain countries but break down some cities into more developed or less developed.
The reality of development is complex and politically sensitive.
Not every country will perfectly fit the model for demographic transition perfectly because they have rapid population growth.
These countries will not make enough educational and economic gains to move on from the second stage of demographic transition.

11. A Demographically Diverse World
Recently, international communities focus most of their concern on least developed countries.
These countries have little development while still maintaining increasing death and birth rates.
The United Nations officially names these countries and will usually provide them aid in environmental and economic issues before aiding other, more developed countries.

12. Managing Development and Population Growth
Populations have always grown throughout history, and have always come with challenges caused by that growth.
Most countries, when faced with a problem caused by this growth, will react by making a limit on family size.
China, Thailand, and India have started campaigns to educate citizens on the benefits of family planning and reducing fertility rates.
These programs might include public advertising, family planning programs, economic incentives, and legal punishment.

13. Managing Development and Population Growth
International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD):
The united nations met in 1994 to discuss and debate the importance of the relationships between population, development, and environment.
As a result, worldwide fertility rates have dropped and many of the countries discussed are moving toward development.

14. ICPD Goals for 2015:
Provide universal access to a full range of safe and reliable family-planning methods and elated reproductive health services.
Reduce infant mortality rates to below 35 infant deaths per 1,000 live births and mortality rates of children under five years old to below 45 deaths per 1,000 live births.
Close the gap in maternal mortality between developing and developed countries. Achieve a maternal mortality rate below 60 deaths per 100,000 live births.
Increase life expectancy at birth to more than 75 years. In countries with the highest mortality, increase life expectancy at birth to more than 70 years.
Achieve universal access to and completion of primary education. Ensure the widest and earliest possible access by girls and women to secondary and higher levels of education.

15. Growth is Slowing
Demographers predict that this trend will continue and that worldwide population growth will be slower in this century than in the last century.
If current trends continue, most countries will have replacement level fertility rates by If so, world population growth would eventually stop.
It is assumed that worldwide fertility rates will decline to replacement level by 2050.
Most demographers predict a medium growth rate and a world population of 9 billion in 2050.
Current world population as of April 21st, 2013: 7,114,391,942