1. DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering
Chromosome
Supercoils
Coils
Nucleosome
Histones
DNA
double
helix

2. Roles Genetic engineering and DNA technology has many roles:
Identification of People
Identification of Diseases
Treatment for Diseases
Genetic Modification Not to Treat Diseases

3. Facts
Every individual has a different DNA sequence, composed of different base pairs.
DNA is a very large molecule.

4. Restriction Enzymes       
DNA molecules can be cut into smaller fragments using restriction enzymes.
Restriction enzymes cut long DNA molecule at specific nitrogenous base sequences.
Restriction enzymes act like DNA Scissors
Example: Rest. Enzyme EcoR1 cuts at CTTAAG between the A and G

5. How can we see our DNA pieces after they are cut up?
Gel Electrophoresis – separate DNA fragments by size
Chopped DNA put into separate “lanes”
Pieces of chopped DNA move through jello-like gel
Bigger pieces move slowly, stay at top of gel
Smaller pieces move quickly, reach bottom of gel

6. Goal 1: Identify People
Fact #1: Difference in fragment size results from each person having a unique DNA sequence.
Fact #2: Different DNA sequences lead to different cuts with restriction enzymes.
Fact #3: Everyone will produce a different banding pattern in gel electrophoresis.

7. Gel Electrophoresis

8.
1. Victim
2. Suspect 1
3. Blood on supect 1
4. Blood on suspect 2
5. Suspect 2

10. Why isn’t the banding pattern of the child identical to the mother and father?

11. Uses of Gel Electrophoresis
Paternity Tests
Crime Scenes
Identify Genetic
Diseases

12. Goal Two: Identifying Human Genetic Diseases
A single nucleotide change can lead to a disease (as in sickle cell anemia)
Wild-type allele
AGATCT
TCTAGA
Restriction site
Mutant allele
AGAGCT
TCTCGA
Not a restriction site

13. Gel Electrophoresis Can Also Be Used to Identify Genetic Diseases

14. Goal Three: Treating Genetic Diseases
AKA gene therapy
Goal: To get a functioning gene into a malfunctioning organism
Materials Needed:
Vector- something to carry the gene of interest into the organism
Plasmid- simple, circular DNA molecule

15. Goal Three: Treating Genetic Diseases
Method:
1) Cut both the plasmid and the gene of interest with the same restriction enzyme
2) Because they were cut at the same spot, they will stick together = gene splicing
3) Insert into organism needing gene
4) hopefully, functioning proteins are made

16. Protein products are made - ex. Growth hormone, insulin
Human Cell
Gene for human growth hormone
Recombinant DNA
Sticky ends
DNA recombination
DNA insertion
Bacterial Cell
Plasmid
Bacterial chromosome
Bacterial cell for containing gene for human growth hormone
Section 13-3

17. To find and identify all the human genes - Human Genome Project
Goal Four
To find and identify all the human genes - Human Genome Project
3.2 billion base pairs
Completed in 2003
Compare DNA sequences of different individuals to determine specific nitrogenous base sequences that cause disease
Greater likelihood of then using gene therapy to treat

19. GOAL FIVE: CHANGE CHARACTERISTICS
These transgenic sheep carry a gene for a human blood protein, which they secrete in their milk. This protein inhibits an enzyme that contributes to lung damage in patients with cystic fibrosis and some other chronic respiratory diseases.

20. Golden rice - genes produce beta carotene (we use it to make vitamin A) that gives the rice their golden color and their increased nutritional value. Vitamin A deficiency leads to vision problems and susceptibility to disease.

22. Genetically Modified Plants/Animals Not Only Used to Treat Diseases
Resistance to Insects
Larger size
Better Taste
Resistance to Rotting
Animals
Growth Hormone in Cows
Disease resistance
More muscle
Leaner

23. Summary Applications of DNA Technology To identify people
To diagnose genetic diseases
To treat genetic diseases
To find and identify all of the human genes
Genetically engineered foods
Agriculture –disease and pest resistant plants, bigger, sweeter, more nutritious plants, bigger, leaner animals