1. Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West, 1789–1900
Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, nationalist revolutions sweep through Latin America and Europe. Bold new movements emerge in the arts.
Street battles in Paris, July 1830, helped end Bourbon Restoration and established July Monarchy of King Louis Philippe. Oil, Victor Schnetz.
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2. Europe Faces Revolutions
Section 2
Europe Faces Revolutions
Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenge the old conservative order of Europe.
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3. Nationalism Develops Nationalism and Nation-States
SECTION 2
Nationalism Develops
Nationalism and Nation-States
• Nationalism—loyalty to nation of people with
common culture, history
• Nation-state—nation with its own independent
government
• In 1815 Europe, only France, England, and Spain
are nation-states
• Liberals and radicals support nationalism;
conservatives do not
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4. Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
SECTION 2
Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
Greeks Gain Independence
• Balkans—region of Europe controlled by
Ottomans in early 1800s
• Greece gets European help to gain
independence from Turks
1830s Uprisings Crushed
• Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and nationalists
launch revolts
• By the mid-1830s, conservatives are back in control
1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite
• Ethnic uprisings in Europe, especially in the Austrian
empire
• Liberals hold power for short time, lose to
conservatives by 1849
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5. Section 3
Nationalism
CASE STUDY: Italy and Germany
Nationalism contributes to the formation of two new nations and a new political order in Europe.
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6. Nationalism Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity
SECTION 3
Nationalism
CASE STUDY: Italy and Germany
Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity
Two Views of Nationalism
• Nationalists use their common bonds to build nation-
states
• Rulers eventually use nationalism to unify their
subjects
- Three different types of nationalist movements:
- unification merges culturally similar lands
- separation splits off culturally distinct groups
- state-building binds separate cultures into one
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7. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
SECTION 3
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Breakup of the Austrian Empire
• Austria includes people from many ethnic groups
• 1866 defeat forces emperor to split empire into
Austria and Hungary
- still ruled by emperor
Map
The Russian Empire Crumbles
• After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing control
over empire
• Russification—forcing other peoples to adopt
Russian culture
- policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic
nationalism
Continued . . .
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8. The Ottoman Empire Weakens
SECTION 3
continued Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Ottoman Empire Weakens
• Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens
empire
• Rulers grant citizenship to all groups, outraging
Turks
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9. Cavour Unites Italy Cavour Leads Italian Unification
SECTION 3
Cavour Unites Italy
Cavour Leads Italian Unification
• Camillo di Cavour—prime minister of kingdom
of Sardinia in 1852
• Gets French help to win control of Austrian-
controlled Italian land
Interactive
Garibaldi Brings Unity
• Giuseppe Garibaldi—leads nationalists who
conquer southern Italy
• Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy
and Sardinia
• Garibaldi steps aside, allowing king of Sardinia to
rule
• Control of Venetia, Papal States finally unites Italy
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10. Bismarck Unites Germany
SECTION 3
Bismarck Unites Germany
Prussia Leads German Unification
• Prussia has advantages that help it unify
Germany:
- mainly German population
- powerful army
- creation of liberal constitution
Continued . . .
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11. Bismarck Takes Control
SECTION 3
continued Bismarck Unites Germany
Bismarck Takes Control
• Junkers—conservative wealthy landowners—
support Prussian Wilhelm I
• Junker realpolitik master Otto von Bismarck
becomes prime minister
• Realpolitik—power politics without room for
idealism
• Bismarck defies Prussian parliament
Image
Prussia Expands
• Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain two
provinces
• Quick victory makes other German nations respect
Prussia
Continued . . .
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12. The Franco-Prussian War
SECTION 3
continued Bismarck Unites Germany
Seven Weeks’ War
• Bismarck creates border dispute with Austria to
provoke war
• Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern
Germany
• Eastern and western parts of Prussian kingdom
joined for first time
The Franco-Prussian War
• Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all
Germans
• Wilhelm is crowned kaiser—emperor of a united
Germany—at Versailles
• Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian
dominance
Interactive
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13. A Shift in Power Balance Is Lost
SECTION 3
A Shift in Power
Balance Is Lost
• In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five
powers in Europe:
- Austria, Prussia, Britain, France, and Russia
• By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany)
have gained much power
• Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and
economically
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