1. DNA
"The Blueprint of Life"

3. DNA stands for... DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

4. DNA FACTS established by James Watson and Francis Crick
Shape of a double helix

5. codes for your genes  (traits)
made of repeating subunits called nucleotides

6. What is a nucleotide? Base Sugar Has three parts: PHOSPHATE
DEOXYRIBOSE (sugar)
BASE  (A,T,G,C)
Phosphate
Base
Sugar

7. Base-Pair Rule Adenine <==> Thymine Guanine <==> Cytosine
The sides of the DNA ladder are phosphate & sugar
held together by  hydrogen bonds

8. Base Pair Rule
One side:     A   T   A      T   C   A      T   G   C      G   G   G
Other side:

10. What is the relationship between GENES and DNA?

11. How the Code Works
The combination of A,T,G,C determines what traits you might have.....
C A T C A T   =  purple hair
T A C T A C  =  yellow hair

12. Think of the bases of DNA like letters.
Letters form words....
Words form sentences....
              *endless                combinations

13. Let's Review What We Know About DNA
1.  DNA stands for:   De _____ ribo ______  acid
2.  What is the shape of DNA? ______________
3.  Who established the structure of DNA?  ____________ and ______________
4.  Adenine always pairs with _______________
5.  The sides of the DNA ladder are deoxyribose and _______________

14. 6.  Guanine always pairs with _____________
7.  What is the complementary sequence:  
C A T  T  A G
8.  The two sides of DNA are held together by _______ bonds.
9.  DNA is composed of repeating subunits called ______________________
10.  What are the 4 bases that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder? ____________________

15. DNA REPLICATION
the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself (cell division)
SEMI-CONSERVATIVE - half of the old strand is saved

16. Helicase- separates DNA
RNA polymerase- makes small strand of RNA so DNA polymerase can go in 3’-5’
DNA polymerase- adds nucleotides to DNA; goes in 3’-5’ direction
DNA Ligase- connects Okazaki fragments on lagging strand

19. Mistakes in the DNA are called Mutations
Normal- the big cat
Types of mutations
-Substitution or point - the bit cat
-Frameshift- thi ebi gca t or thb igc at
- Duplication- the big big cat
What causes mutations?

20. RNA - the messenger
*single strand
*ribose sugar
*contains no thymine, uracil instead
*follows base pair rule, but A ⇒ U
DNA:   A  T  A   G  C  G
RNA:  

21. RNA carries the "message" to the ribosomes, where proteins are made

23. What is a gene?
A section of DNA, with many bases that codes for a protein
Results in a TRAIT

24. How does DNA make a protein?

25. DNA --> RNA --> Protein
Proteins are the building blocks of the organism (traits)

26. Transcription -  process where RNA is made from DNA
Translation - process where proteins are made from RNA